Loose Leaf For Explorations: Introduction To Astronomy
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781260432145
Author: Thomas T Arny, Stephen E Schneider Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 14, Problem 8TY
To determine
The core of the star like the sun evolves into a red giant.
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Using solar units, we find that a star has 4 times the luminosity of the Sun, a mass 1.25 times the mass of the Sun, and a surface temperature of 4090 K (take the Sun's surface temperature to be 5784 K for the sake of this problem). This means the star has a radius of.................... solar radii and is a .................... star (use the classification).
For a main sequence star with luminosity L, how many kilograms of hydrogen is being converted into helium per second? Use the formula that you derive to estimate the mass of hydrogen atoms that are converted into helium in the interior of the sun (LSun = 3.9 x 1026 W).
(Note: the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 mproton and the mass of a helium atom is 3.97 mproton. You need four hydrogen nuclei to form one helium nucleus.)
Which of the following binary star systems cannot exist?
A. A 1 solar-mass main sequence star and a 4 solar mass red giant with a size 100 times smaller than the orbital distance.
B. A 15 solar-mass main sequence star and a 10 solar mass red giant with a size 100 times smaller than the orbital distance.
C. A 1 solar-mass main sequence star and a 4 solar-mass main sequence star.
D. A 2 solar-mass main sequence star and a 1 solar mass red giant with a size a few times smaller than the orbital distance.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Explorations: Introduction To Astronomy
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- Describe the evolution of a star with a mass like that of the Sun, from the main-sequence phase of its evolution until it becomes a white dwarf.arrow_forwardArrange the following stars in order of their evolution: A. A star with no nuclear reactions going on in the core, which is made primarily of carbon and oxygen. B. A star of uniform composition from center to surface; it contains hydrogen but has no nuclear reactions going on in the core. C. A star that is fusing hydrogen to form helium in its core. D. A star that is fusing helium to carbon in the core and hydrogen to helium in a shell around the core. E. A star that has no nuclear reactions going on in the core but is fusing hydrogen to form helium in a shell around the core.arrow_forwardWhen two stars are in the same star system, they can affect each other’s evolution. Two stars in the same system might be born at the same time, but they will evolve at a different pace, depending on their _________. Transfer of material between two stars in the same system can be especially dramatic if one star is __________. When one star transfers mass to the remnant that is the other star, it can re-ignite fusion and produce what astronomers call a _________. If the accumulated mass causes the remnant to have a mass greater than ____________, it can explode violently. Astronomers call this kind of explosion a ________________.arrow_forward
- Observations show that stellar luminosity, L, and mass, M, are related by L x M3.5 for main sequence stars. Obtain an expression that relates the main sequence life time and the mass of a star. You should assume that the luminosity is constant throughout a star's main sequence life time, and that the amount of mass converted into energy by a star while it is on the main sequence is given by AM main sequence life time of a 20 Solar mass star given that the Sun is expected to spend 1010 years on the main sequence. Comment on the significance of your answer. fM, where f is a constant. Estimate thearrow_forwardThe mass-luminosity relation describes the mathematical relationship between luminosity and mass for main sequence stars. It describes how a star with a mass of 4 M⊙ would have a luminosity of ______ L⊙. If a star has a radius 1/2 that of the Sun and a temperature 4 that of the Sun, how many times higher is the star's luminosity than that of the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125) If a star has a radius 2 times larger than the Sun's and a luminosity 1/4th that of the Sun, how many times higher is the star's temperature than that of the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125) If a star has a surface temperature 2 times lower than the Sun's and a luminosity the same as the Sun, how many times larger is the star than the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125)arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is wrong? A. A main-sequence star is cooler and brighter than it was as a protostar. B. Carbon fusion occurs in high-mass stars but not in low-mass stars because the cores of low-mass stars never contain significant amounts of carbon. C. when a main-sequence star exhausts its core hydrogen fuel supply, the core shrinks while the rest of the star expands. D. After a supernova explosion, the remains of the stellar core will be either a neutron star or a black hole.arrow_forward
- The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram contains a region called the main sequence. Stars on this sequence have specific characteristics not found in other stars. What are these characteristics? a.Stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram main sequence have roughly the same age. b.Stars on the main sequence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram are all roughly the same radius. c.Stars on the main sequence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram have an orderly arrangement of stellar masses, decreasing in mass from lower right to upper left. d.Stars on the main sequence of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram do not produce heavy elements like iron. e.Stars on the main sequence of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram all generate energy from nuclear fusion. f.None of the mentioned choices. Aristotle was a great Greek philosopher with many amazing ideas. Which of these statements about him is not true? a.Many of his claims about physics and astronomy were wrong. b.He was the first person to recognize…arrow_forwardBetelgeuse is a nearby supergiant that will eventually explode into a supernova. Let's see how awesome it would look. At peak brightness, the supernova will have a luminosity of about 10 billion times the Sun. It is 600 light-years away. All stellar brightnesses are compared with Vega, which has an intrinsic luminosity of about 60 times the Sun, a distance of 25 light-years, an absolute magnitude of 0.6 and an apparent magnitude of 0 (by definition). a) At peak brightness, how many times brighter will Betelgeuse be than Vega? b) Approximately what apparent magnitude does this correspond to? c) The Sun is about -26.5 apparent magnitude. What fraction of the Sun's brightness will Betelgeuse be?arrow_forward3. a) Explain how it is possible for the core of a red giant to contract at the same time that its outer layers expand. b) What is the asymptotic giant branch? Where is it located on a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram? Describe how asymptotic giant branch stars differ from main-sequence stars and stars on the red giant branch.arrow_forward
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