Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 12.6, Problem 26CYP
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The observation of individual colonies of the plated microbe growing within the zone of inhibition of a drug.
Introduction:
A pure culture of the bacterium to several different drugs and their effects on the growth of the microorganisms are observed. The Kirby-Bauer technique is an agar diffusion test that provides useful data on antimicrobial susceptibility.
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3) Were all of the conditions of a standardized
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4) What is the significance of colonies that develop
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colonies within the zone, what concerns would you
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Protoc reference:
If a concentrated sample is out of the detection range of a chosen dye-based assay, what can be done?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 12.1 - State the goals of antimicrobial therapy.Ch. 12.1 - Discuss the origins of antimicrobial drugs.Ch. 12.1 - Differentiate between antibiotics, synthetic...Ch. 12.1 - Describe some of the special strategies of...Ch. 12.1 - Explain what is meant by a drug's spectrum and how...Ch. 12.1 - Summarize the five modes of action of...Ch. 12.1 - Differentiate between antibiotics and synthetic...Ch. 12.1 - Differentiate between narrow-spectrum and...Ch. 12.1 - Can you determine why some drugs have narrower...Ch. 12.1 - What is the major source of antibiotics and what...
Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 5CYPCh. 12.1 - Prob. 6CYPCh. 12.1 - Explain the major modes of action of antimicrobial...Ch. 12.1 - Explain the concept of competitive inhibition, and...Ch. 12.1 - What would be the extended effects of drugs that...Ch. 12.2 - Describe the classes of antibacterial drugs that...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 12.2 - Indicate which types of antibacterial drugs block...Ch. 12.2 - Describe some new classes of antibacterial drugs...Ch. 12.2 - Construet a chart that summarizes the modes of...Ch. 12.2 - Why do the penicillin and cephalosporin groups of...Ch. 12.3 - Categorize antimicrobial drugs that are effective...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 12ELOCh. 12.3 - Prob. 13ELOCh. 12.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 12.3 - Prob. 12CYPCh. 12.3 - Explain why there are fewer antifungal,...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 12.3 - Summarize the origins and biological actions of...Ch. 12.4 - Describe the development of microbial drug...Ch. 12.4 - Explain the major mechanisms by which microbes...Ch. 12.4 - Review some of the ways to reduce levels of drug...Ch. 12.4 - Discuss how drug resistance spreads through a...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 12.4 - Prob. 17CYPCh. 12.4 - Outline several situations or events that increase...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 19CYPCh. 12.5 - Summarize the adverse effects of drugs on the...Ch. 12.5 - Describe some of the toxic effects of drugs on...Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 21ELOCh. 12.5 - Explain the ways in which drugs alter the normal...Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 12.5 - Prob. 21CYPCh. 12.5 - Prob. 22CYPCh. 12.5 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 12.6 - Prob. 23ELOCh. 12.6 - Describe the principles behind sensitivity testing...Ch. 12.6 - Explain the uses of the minimum inhibitory...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 26ELOCh. 12.6 - Prob. 27ELOCh. 12.6 - Prob. 24CYPCh. 12.6 - Briefly describe the Kirby-Bauer test and its...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 26CYPCh. 12.6 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 12.6 - Discuss the general factors to consider in...Ch. 12.L1 - A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that...Ch. 12.L1 - Which statement is not an aim in the use of drugs...Ch. 12.L1 - Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through...Ch. 12.L1 - R factors are ________ that contain a code for...Ch. 12.L1 - When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to...Ch. 12.L1 - An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can...Ch. 12.L1 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 12.L1 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 12.L1 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 12.L1 - Which of the following modes of action would be...Ch. 12.L1 - The MIC is the of a drug thal is required to...Ch. 12.L1 - An antimicrobial drug with a ________ therapeutic...Ch. 12.L1 - Matching. Select the mode of action for each drug...Ch. 12.L1 - What was the purpose of giving postexposure...Ch. 12.L1 - What is a probable reason that tuberculosis...Ch. 12.L1 - Summarize the major problems with drug therapy as...Ch. 12.L1 - Using the diagram as a guide, briefly explain how...Ch. 12.L1 - Observe table 12.4 with regard to type of microbe...Ch. 12.L1 - Drugs are often given to patients before going...Ch. 12.L1 - Write an essay covering some of the main concerns...Ch. 12.L1 - Prob. 5WCCh. 12.L1 - Explain the kinds of tests that would...Ch. 12.L1 - Summarize the primary reasons that we find...Ch. 12.L2 - In 2015 the WHO surveyed 10,000 people on the...Ch. 12.L2 - Explain a simple test one could do to determine if...Ch. 12.L2 - Prob. 3CTCh. 12.L2 - You have been directed to take a sample from a...Ch. 12.L2 - From the results shown in figure 12.21, determine...Ch. 12.L2 - Explain why drugs that interfere with the...Ch. 12.L2 - In cases in which it is not possible to culture or...Ch. 12.L2 - Reviewing drug characteristics, choose an...Ch. 12.L2 - a. Using table 12.10 as a reference, find and...Ch. 12.L2 - For the following figures a-e, research the...
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- A high-throughput assay is being conducted in a 96 well plate to test compounds for anti-bacterial activity. Live bacterial cells are detected using “Live clear", a dye which is initially coloured blue, but turns clear in the presence of live bacterial cells. The control wells are shown below. Penicillin kills bacteria; glycerol does not affect them. Which of the control wells will appear blue at the end of the assay? "Live clear" glycerol penicillin - - + (A1 A2)(A3)A4) bacterial cells B1 (B2 (B3)B4 А4, В1, B2, ВЗ, B4 A2, A4, B2, B3, B4 А4, B2, ВЗ, В4 A1, АЗ, В1, В2, вЗ, В4 + + |arrow_forwardWhich of the following are true regarding assay attributes? List all that are true. a) Accuracy represents the closeness of the assay result to the “true value”. b) Robustness represents the ability of a method to distinguish between the analyte and similar components. c) Precision is determined by replicate analysis of a reference standard or well-characterized material. d) A robust assay would have a very narrow range of acceptable assay conditions. For those that were not true in question 1, correct the statement(s).arrow_forward12:28 TABLE 1 Disk Symbol A B Today 10:42 AM INTERPRETING INHIBITION ZONES OF TEST CULTURES CHEMICAL METHODS OF CONTROL: ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial Agent Ampicillin when testing gram-negative bacteria Ampicillin when testing gram-positive bacteria Chloramphenicol Ceftazidime Carbenicillin Carbenicillin when testing Pseudomonas Cephalothin Ciprofloxacin Erythromycin Cefoxitin Sulfisoxazole Bunnsoxazo Gentamicin Conca companion Imipenem Penicillin when testing staphylococci Penicillin when testing other bacteria Polymyxin Rifampin Streptomycin Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) Tetracycline Vancomycin when testing Staphylococcus spp. Vancomycin when testing enterococci PROCEDURE Second Period 1. Measure the zones of inhibition in millimeters, using a ruler on the underside of the plate (see Figure 3b). If the diameter is difficult to measure, measure the radius from the center of the disk to the edge of the zone. Multiply the radius by 2 to get the diameter of the zone. Disk…arrow_forward
- What is the Kirby-Bauer Test? Describe it and explain how you would interpret the results.arrow_forward-Two hundred patients without chest pain were screened with a new biochemical test that showed 190 had a negative screening result. What is the test's specificity? a) 80% b) 95% c) 90% d) 75%arrow_forwardA relatively large zone of inhibition surrounding an antimicrobial disk on a Kirby-Bauer test plate would most likely be interpreted as: a. sensitive reaction b. intermediate reaction c. resistant reactionarrow_forward
- Why are biochemical tests used to identify microbes?arrow_forwardExplain the importance of maintaining aseptic conditions for the success of the genetic engineering experiment provided below after examining the results.arrow_forwardThe following pictures show the results of a Disk Diffusion Assay for different types of bacteria. For each bacteria, what antibiotic would you recommend be used on the patient? Explain your choice.arrow_forward
- What does the acronym TPA stand for and how is TPA used in diagnostic medicine? Explain briefly.arrow_forwardA plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted three times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 17 plaques. What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL?arrow_forwardWith detail, compare and contrast the following 5 real-time assays; Taqman, SYBR Green, Molecular Beacon, FRET, and Scorpion. Please write complete sentences in paragraph form. Identify how the assays are similar but more importantly, what are the distinguishing features of each of the technologies.arrow_forward
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