Concept explainers
QUANTITATIVE Virus Entry by Endocytosis. Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), a virus closely related to rabies virus, causes neurodegeneration in humans. It has a surface glycoprotein that mediates attachment to and internalization into host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
(a) Investigators have tested whether dynamin is required for ABLV infection of cells. Cultured human embryonic kidney cells were treated with dynasore, a specific inhibitor of dynamin, before being infected with a virus expressing the ABLV glycoprotein. Do the resulting data (Figure 12-25a, left) indicate dynamin involvement? Explain your answer.
(b) As a control, the researchers monitored cell viability at varying dynasore concentrations (Figure 12-25a, right). Why was this control necessary?
(c) They then used chlorpromazine, a chemical that blocks the assembly of clathrin-coated pits, in similar tests. Are the results (Figure 12-25b) consistent with those results in part a? Why or why not?
Figure 12-25 Effect of Inhibitors on Viral Entry into Cells.
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Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- Cleavage Ligand Precursor Receptor Inactive Receptor Active Cell Membrane 6. The figure above shows a model of a ligand precursor being cleaved to produce an active ligand that binds to a specific receptor. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the binding of the active ligand to its receptor? (A) A change in the cytoskeletal attachment of transmembrane proteins (B) The presence of a large amount of the precursor form of the ligand (C) An increase in the ratio of the number of unsaturated to the number of saturated fatty acid tails of the membrane lipids (D) A mutation in the receptor gene that causes a substitution of a charged amino acid for a nonpolar amino acid in the ligand binding site of the receptorarrow_forwardTransduction: Describe the process of generalized transduction as a type of horizontal transfer. In your response be sure to address the following:a. What is the role of the bacteriophage (bacterial virus) is in this scenario?arrow_forwardCytopathic effect on susceptible cells is an important way to detect viral production. Regarding the topic, describe the cytopathic observations of at least three viruses (Human papillomavirus infection, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex).arrow_forward
- True/false? if false, justify briefly Actin is involved in the cytokinesis step of all eukaryotic cells.arrow_forwardTo explain: How the low pH of lysosomes protect the rest of the cell from lysosomal enzymes in case the lysosome breaks.arrow_forwardYou are studying a cytoskeletal accessory protein, AB2. You believe it is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis allowing for the entry of a novel virus, SARS-CoV X, into the host cell. To confirm that AB2 is required for viral entry, you engineer an AB2 protein containing an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence and a C-terminal KDEL sequence (AB2-SSKDEL) and express it in human epithelial airway cells. You compare cells expressing wild-type (WT) AB2 (lacking the signal sequence and KDEL sequence) with cells expressing AB2-SSKDEL. You are looking at the entry of a GFP (green) virus into cells. If AB2 is required for viral entry, via receptor-mediated endocytosis, what results would you expect to see in terms of viral entry? A. WT AB2 - Green ER AB2-SSKDEL - No green ER B. WT AB2-NO green cells AB2-SSKDEL - Many green cells OC. WT AB2 - Many green cells AB2-SSKDEL - NO green cells D.WT AB2 - Green nuclei AB2-SSKDEL - No green nucleiarrow_forward
- 3. Match question. Based on the figure below, match each label with the corresponding microtubule end or with the corresponding motor protein. Phagocytosis vesicle Hydrolytic enzyme Lysosome Label A B C D D A C B -Microtubule Orientation/motor protein Kinesin + end Dynein - endarrow_forwardDisease Process of Covid-19(Diagram)arrow_forwardIDENTIFICATION The cisternal space of ER is continuous with prenuclear space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope and can communicate with the internals spaces of the Golgi complex and lysosome by means of _____________ that shuttle between these structures. _______________ side is oriented towards the RER (transition vesicles with newly synthesized protein arrive continuously from the ER)arrow_forward
- Phagocytosis of a bacterial cell by a macrophage, involves extensive remodeling of the actin microfilaments in the cell cortex to produce extensions of the plasma membrane and formation the phagocytic cup. Based on your knowledge of microfilament assembly/disassembly and related cell membrane deformation, explain the underlying processes that would be involved in formation of the phagocytic cup.arrow_forwardExperiment This experiment was designed to analyze the structure of a component (C3c protein) of the complement system, which is involved in the immune response against microorganisms. Purified C3c protein (molecular mass: 145 kd) was incubated in the presence of various concentrations of the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) and then subjected to electrophoresis in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel. SDS disrupts noncovalent bonds and polypeptides are separated by size during electrophoresis. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, a protein dye. The figure shows the molecular masses of intermediates and products generated by DTT treatment. Results: Molecular mass (kd) 145- 102- 75- 43- 27- [DTT] (MM) 10.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Samples Questions 1. How many polypeptides are present in C3c? Determine their molecular masses from the figure. What was the purpose of using DTT in this experiment? What kind of bonds hold the polypeptides 2. 3. together? 4. How is the 102…arrow_forwardWhich describes an enzymatic activity/biochemical function of importin-beta? facilitate release of nuclear proteins after transport through the nuclear pore complex interact with/bind to nuclear localization sequences INLSS) interact with/bind to importin-alpha hydrolyze GTP to GDP + Piarrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning