Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260211887
Author: WILLEY, Sandman, Wood
Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Chapter 11.6, Problem 2MI
Summary Introduction
An electron transport chain in short ETC includes a series of complexes that transfer the electrons form donors to the acceptors through
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Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12):
How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
Which mechanisms may be used to reverse a high NADH:NAD+ ratio in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions?
1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH?
b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Compare...Ch. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What are the three major...Ch. 11.2 - Is NAD+ reduced to NADH in the catabolic or...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.2 - Why is it to a cells advantage to catabolize...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.4 - Which reactions are examples of substrate-level...Ch. 11.4 - For what kinds of reactions is NADPH used?Ch. 11.4 - For what macromolecule is ribose 5-phosphate a...
Ch. 11.4 - Summarize the major features of the...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.5 - Identify the substrate and products of the TCA...Ch. 11.5 - What chemical intermediate links pyruvate to the...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply In what eukaryotic...Ch. 11.5 - Why is it desirable for a microbe with the...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.6 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.6 - Describe the current model of oxidative...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.6 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.8 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.9 - What is the difference between a hydrolase and...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Briefly discuss the ways in...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Describe how a...Ch. 11.11 - How do chemolithotrophs obtain their ATP and...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.11 - Why can hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria and archaea...Ch. 11.11 - What is reverse electron flow and why do many...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.12 - When electrons from P700 are used to reduce NADP+,...Ch. 11.12 - Define the following terms: light reactions, dark...Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.12 - What is the function of accessory pigments?Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.12 - Compare and contrast anoxygenic phototrophy and...Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 6CCCh. 11 - Prob. 1RCCh. 11 - Prob. 2RCCh. 11 - Prob. 3RCCh. 11 - Prob. 4RCCh. 11 - Prob. 5RCCh. 11 - Prob. 6RCCh. 11 - How would you isolate a thermophilic...Ch. 11 - Certain chemicals block ATP synthesis by allowing...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3ALCh. 11 - Review the description of the Berkeley Pit Lake in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 5AL
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- Assuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)arrow_forwardConsider oleic acid (18:1∆9): 1. How many NADH will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 2. How many FADH2 will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 3. Total number of ATP produced from NADH in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport cost of the fatty acid)? 4. Total number of ATP produced from FADH2 in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport costs of the fatty acid)? Please provide how you got them.arrow_forwardFrom these data, is the energy solely from the H+ concentration gradient sufficient to generate ATP from ADP and Pi? If not, suggest how the necessary energy for synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate arises.arrow_forward
- (a) NAD+ kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of NAD* to NADP+. How many reducing equivalents are involved in this reaction? (b) How many reducing equivalents are involved in the conversion of ferric to ferrous ion? (c) How many reducing equivalents are involved in reducing one molecule of oxygen gas to water?arrow_forwardHow many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred into the matrix via the malate–aspartate shuttle?arrow_forwardGiven the roles of NAD*/NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, as discussed on page 488, would you expect the intracellular ratio of NAD* to NADH to be high or low? What about the ratio of NADP* to NADPH? Explain your answers.arrow_forward
- What is the term for the process whereby the synthesis of ATP is coupled to the conversion of NADH or FADH2 to NAD+ or FAD, respectively?arrow_forwardIn the presence of excess oxygen, a complete oxidation of seven molecules of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, by a yeast cell, would produce approximately ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP)arrow_forwardWhat is the stoichiometry of the synthesis of (a) ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate without the concomitant generation of NADPH? (b) NADPH from glucose 6- phosphate without the concomitant formation of pentose sugars?arrow_forward
- Given the overall equation for respiration (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O), in which step(s) in the respiratory pathway is/are each of the reactants used up and each of the products made? Photosynthetic reactions require NADPH while NADH is involved in aerobic respiration. These two molecules regulate both the biosynthetic and the catabolic activity of the cell. Explain how they do this. Note that NAD+ kinase phosphorylates NAD+ to produce NADPH+.arrow_forwardWhy does FAHD2 oxidation give 1.5 ATP while NADH oxidation gives 2.5 ATP? Explain this in relation to ETC.arrow_forwardCells maintain different steady state ratios of NAD+/NADH (1000) and NADP+/NADPH (0.01). (a) How do these ratios relate to the metabolic functions of NAD+ and NADPH? (b) Given these physiological ratios, what is the AG for NAD+ to oxidize NADPH? (c) This reaction does not happen in most tissues. Make a hypothesis: what prevents this from occuring?arrow_forward
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