Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 10.4CC
Why are the electron carriers in the ETS arranged in the respiratory complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane in a very specific orientation?
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The fatty acid side chains of the phospholipids in the inner mitochondrial membrane exhibit a large proportion of multiple unsaturations. As a result, will the membrane be hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Also will it be more fluid or more rigid? How do these characteristics help explain the observation that the inner membrane is impermeable to ions such as Mg2+ and Cl–? Hint: what moves these ions through the membrane?
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix (see Fig. 15.11c). In this
shuttle, the protons and electrons are donated to FAD, which is reduced to FADH₂. These protons and electrons are subsequently
donated to coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain.
End of Chapter Problem 86a
How much ATP is generated per mole of glucose when the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used?
(Tolerance is +/- 2%)
ATP are generated per glucose.
The four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration
gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane
space by each of the four complexes:
complex I:
complex II:
complex III:
complex IV:
Chapter 10 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 10 - Aerobic respiration uses an external electron...Ch. 10 - Working with 3-D TEM often involves the difficult...Ch. 10 - Explain how the location and organization of the...Ch. 10 - As pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2 in the...Ch. 10 - Why are the electron carriers in the ETS arranged...Ch. 10 - How is the chemical energy that is released as...Ch. 10 - How does the ATP synthase complex convert the...Ch. 10 - Where do the 38 ATP molecules produced during...Ch. 10 - Localization of Molecules and Functions Within the...Ch. 10 - Localization of Molecules and Functions Within the...
Ch. 10 - True or False. Indicate whether each of the...Ch. 10 - Mitochondrial Transport. For aerobic respiration,...Ch. 10 - Completing the Pathway. In each of the following...Ch. 10 - QUANTITATIVE The Calculating Cell Biologist. Use...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.7PSCh. 10 - Regulation of Catabolism. Explain the advantage to...Ch. 10 - Lethal Synthesis. The leaves of Dichapetalum...Ch. 10 - QUANTITATIVE Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids....Ch. 10 - Oxidation of Cytosolic NADH. In some eukaryotic...Ch. 10 - Brown Fat and Thermogenin. Most newborn mammals,...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.13PS
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- If the mitochondrial inner membrane potential was depolarized (switched from + to -), what effect would this have on protein translocation into the mitochondria? Explain.arrow_forwardMake a rough drawing of the ATP synthase machinery within the mitochondrial membrane and specifically label the Fo and F1 subunits, as well as the C-ring, the a subunit, the y stalk and the a3ß3 hexamer.arrow_forwardWhat important enzyme is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane other than those of the electron-transportchain? Explain how its function depends on the electrontransport chain.arrow_forward
- What are some of the difficulties in determining the exact number of protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the respiratory complexes?arrow_forwardCyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. First, what does it mean to say “collapse the H+ gradient”? Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.arrow_forwardCyanide is an inhibitor of Complex IV of the electron transport chain, i.e., it inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water. Dinitrophenol is a drug that collapses the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. You are given 2 bottles labeled “A” and “B”. One of them has cyanide and the other has dinitrophenol. You are tasked with identifying which of A or B is cyanide and which one is dinitrophenol. You are provided with the following items: A suspension of live, functioning mitochondria A pH-sensitive dye that can permeate both mitochondrial membranes (inner and outer and is red at low pH and blue at high pH. Make a flow-chart to show how you would do an experiment with the items provided to identify which bottle is cyanide and which is dinitrophenol.arrow_forward
- Why does it make good physiological sense that regular bouts of prolonged exercise will result in mitochondrial biogenesis?arrow_forwardWhat are two examples of cytosolic chaperone proteins involved in mitochondrial protein import? Upon binding the synthesized protein how does it prevent protein folding?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE about cytochrome c protein? As a part of the ETC chain, it changes conformation to allow H+ ions to flow out of the matrix. It is found on the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and, therefore, contains start-transfer and/or stop-transfer sequences. With assistance from Bax, it can move out of the mitochondria and into the cytosol. It is considered a symporter because it is involved in electron transport. It is able to puncture holes in the plasma membrane to initiate apoptosis.arrow_forward
- The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) normally resides in the cytosol, and it can be imported into mitochondria by appending a mitochondrial signal sequence. However, when this modified DHFR is incubated with methotrexate, which is a substrate analog that binds tightly to the active site, the modified DHFR is no longer imported. Propose an explanation for this finding.arrow_forwardIn the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ . Explain how this could cause weight loss and death.arrow_forwardThe enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) normally resides in the cytosol, andDHFR can be imported into mitochondria by appending a mitochondrial signalsequence. However, when this modified DHFR is incubated with methotrexate, whichis a substrate analog that binds tightly to the active site, the modified DHFR is nolonger imported.a) Propose an explanation for why methotrexate prevents import of DHFR intomitochondria.b) Suppose that DHFR were modified instead by appending a nuclear localizationsignal. Would you expect methotrexate to prevent transport of this modified DHFRinto the nucleus? Why or why not?arrow_forward
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