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WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon
help coordinate responses to signals communicated by
the nervous system?
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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the refractory period begins as the K+ channel opens, allowing K+ ions to flow outward along their concentrationgradient. b. Na+ ions flow out of the axon with their concentration gradient. c. positive charges lower the membrane potential to its lowestaction potential. d. gated K+ channels open at the same time as the activationgate of Na+ channels closes. e. the depolarizing stimulus lowers the membrane potential toopen the Na+ gates.
- Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab) to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observe electrophysiological processes in the nervous system, where scientists directly measure the electrical signals produced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur so rapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is not helpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded from a neuron and it pops each time the neuron fires an action potential. These action potentials are firing so fast that it sounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists can recognize the patterns within that static to understand what is happening. Why is the leech model used for measuring the electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?WHAT IF? Suppose you examine two groups of individuals with CNS damage. In one group, the damage hasresulted in a coma (a prolonged state of unconsciousness). In the other group, it has caused paralysis (a loss ofskeletal muscle function throughout the body). Relativeto the position of the midbrain and pons, where is thelikely site of damage in each group? ExplainF B D Match the labelled synapse structure with the correct structure or function. Place the correct number in each blank. Use each letter only once. • Synaptic vesicle containing the neurotransmitters Postsynaptic membrane of the dendrite • Synaptic cleft Receptor site for the neurotransmitter on the dendrite Axon terminal Mitochondria, which supply ATP for synthesis of transmitters
- Q 15 of 15 How do myelinated axons differ from unmyelinated axons? O Unmyelinated axons travel slower than myelinated axons. Myelinated axons prune neural connections. Myelinated axons travel slower than unmyelinated axons. Unmyelinated axons advance neural connections.What is the difference between an action potential and a synapse? (select all that apply) The action potential moves down the axon and a synapse is between neurons. The synapse travels long distances and the action potential can only travel short distances. The action potential starts at the dendrites and the synapse starts at the ахon. The action potential is always the same and the synaptic potentials vary. the action potential involves only the postsynaptic neuron, but the synapse involves both the pre- and post-synaptic neurons.4.3. After the rising phase, which ion channel is responsible for action potential returning to its resting V and why? Na channels, because positive Na* ions are at higher concentration outside the axon than inside, and so they enter the axon and raise V O Na* channels, because positive Na* ions are at higher concentration inside the axon than outside, and so they leave the axon and raise V, m O K* channels, because positive K* ions are at higher concentration outside the axon than inside, and so they enter the axon and raise Vm U K* channels, because positive K* ions are at higher concentration inside the axon than outside, and so they leave the axon and lower Vm
- Explain in few sentences !! how a neuron can repair itself. What increases the likelihood of repair; what decreases the likelihood of repair? If repair is not possible, what other options are possible to innervate the effector organ?Q5.3. After the rising phase, which ion channel is responsible for action potential returning to its resting Vm, and why? Na+ channels, because positive Na* ions are at higher concentration outside the axon than inside, and so they enter the axon and raise V m Na* channels, because positive Na* ions are at higher concentration inside the axon than outside, and so they leave the axon and raise Im K* channels, because positive K* ions are at higher concentration outside the axon than inside, and so they enter the axon and raise Vm K+ channels, because positive K* ions are at higher concentration inside the axon than outside, and so they leave the axon and lower Vm SubmitVisit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervetissue3) to learn about how nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells. The neurons are dynamic cells with the ability to make a vast number of connections and to respond incredibly quickly to stimuli and to initiate movements based on those stimuli. They are the focus of intense research as failures in physiology can lead to devastating illnesses. Why are neurons only found in animals? Based on what this article says about neuron function, why wouldnt they be helpful for plants or microorganisms?