The marginal benefit of reducing pollution and the marginal cost of reducing pollution are given by the following equations: MB = -2U2+ 18, and MC = 2U² + 2, where U is the number of units of pollution abatement. What is the optimal number of units of pollution abatement? O A) o B) 1 C) 2
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- 5) Suppose that an international agreement requires exporters to reduce their carbon emissions. In this context, government subsidies are provided to R&Ds that will enable green-friendly production in exporting industries that produce high-tech.a) Explain what might be the reasons for the implementation of such an activist policy.(Answer this question with the arguments of your main course book, (Krugman; Obstfeld; Melitz; 2015))b) Describe how the Environmental Kuznet curve works. Let's assume that there is a green-friendly technology transfer from developed countries to less developed countries in order to achieve the goal of a decrease in emission, then what will happen to the curve?Suppose the marginal benefit (MB) and marginal cost (MC) curves for emitting particulate matter are given by the following schedules, where E is the quantity of emissions per period. The marginal benefits and costs are measured at the quantities of emissions shown. E/Period MB ($ MC ($) 0 230 0 200 190 10 400 150 30 600 110 50 800 70 70 1000 30 90 Use the information above to calculate the tax rate that would achieve the efficient rate of emissions. Efficient Tax Rate =$__ per unit of pollutionConsider the table. Number of street lamps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marginal benefit (in $) 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 Suppose that a small town wants to install street lamps, which are nonrival in consumption and nonexcludable. Each of the 25 people in the town value street lamps according to the given schedule. Street lamps each cost $250 to install. Use this information to answer the questions. What is the socially optimal number of street lamps? street lampsstreet lamps Suppose that 20 of the 25 townspeople decide that they will not help pay for street lamps, and will instead enjoy (for free) the street lamps built by the other five people. What is the maximum number of street lamps that will be built by the remaining five people? street lampsstreet lamps Suppose the town government decides to build street lamps and pay for the street lamps through taxation. How much should each person be taxed to pay for the optimal number of street lamps if everyone is…
- What are the estimated abatement cost curves? What would the pollution standard be if they achieved the social optimum? What about an optimal pollution tax?Please help with the calculations & working :) In this question there is a diagram with ‘y’ being the vertical axis representing costs/damages, and ‘P’ being a horizontal axis representing pollution. Abatement is the opposite of pollution, so if pollution falls from, say, 3 to 1 abatement rises by 2. 1. Suppose the marginal damage curve to private firms is MDP: y=0 and the marginal cost of abatement is MCA: y=1-P if P<1 and y=0 otherwise, where y is the vertical axis on a cost/damage scale, and P is the amount of pollution. Plot these curves and the equilibrium amount of pollution which is privately optimal for the firm. 2. Why is the marginal cost of abatement is downward sloping (with increasing pollution measured on the bottom axis as you go right). Give an example where this is a reasonable assumption 3. Suppose the marginal damage to society is MDS: y=P. Calculate the socially optimal amount of pollution. What ethical system does the ‘optimal amount of pollution’ belong? To…According to the graph below, which amount represents the most efficient level of pollution that needs to be controlled? Marginal Cost (dollars per unit) SO A-O B-O B-A Marginal Control Cost None of the above Total Total Damage Control Cost Cost Marginal Damage Cost B Quantity of Pollution Emitted (units)
- Suppose the marginal cost (MC) and marginal benefit (MB) of reducing nitrogen oxide air pollution are illustrated in the figure. Suppose initially 3 million tons of nitrogen oxides are being reduced. What is the net benefit to society of increasing the elimination of nitrogen oxide air pollution to 6 million tons? The net benefit is $ million. (Enter your response rounded to one decimal place.) Cost or benefit ($ per ton) 500- 450 400- 350- 300- 250- 200- 150- 100- 50- 0- 0 1 MC 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Reduction (millions of tons per year) MB 9 10Under conditions of the Coase Theorem, whether one or the other of two parties to a conflict over air-pollution externalities holds the property rights will affect O the efficiency of a negotiated solution the amount and method of pollution reduction to be used O who must compensate whom O who will make the initial offer in negotiationsConsider the table. Number of street lamps Marginal benefit (in $) 123 4 5 6 7 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 Suppose that a small town wants to install street lamps, which are nonrival in consumption and nonexcludable. Each of the 25 people in the town value street lamps according to the given schedule. Street lamps each cost $250 to install. Use this information to answer the questions. What is the socially optimal number of street lamps? Suppose that 20 of the 25 townspeople decide that they will not help pay for street lamps, and will instead enjoy (for free) the street lamps built by the other five people. What is the maximum number of street lamps that will be built by the remaining five people? Suppose the town government decides to build street lamps and pay for the street lamps through taxation. How much should each person be taxed to pay for the optimal number of street lamps if everyone is taxed equally? S I street lamps street lamps
- Suppose the government aims to abate 20 tons of pollution from two firms. Firm 1's abatement cost function is MAC1 = A1, firm 2's abatement function is MAC2 = 4A2, where A1 and A2 represent the amount of abatement conducted by firm 1 and firm 2 individually. How many tons should firm 1 and firm 2 abate to minimize total abatement cost? Blank #1: Firm 1's amount of abatement Blank #2 : Firm 2's amount of abatementConsider the following graph that shows the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve for a coal power plan for reducing local air pollution and the marginal damage (MD) curve for those living around the coal power plant. MD (E) MAC (E b. Emissions E-0 E EL E-Max AMax Or Abatement E A-0 What are the total abatement costs at E' (enter your answer with the letters and "+" signs as "a+b+c+d+e+f", without the quotation marks. What are the total abatement costs at E-0 (enter your answer with the letters and "+" signs as as "a+b+c+d+c+f", without the quotation marks. If the property rights were with the coal power plant how much Emissions would we see? (enter one of the following, "E-0", "E", "E1", "E-Max") If the property rights were with the people how much Emissions would we see? (enter one of the following. "E-0", "E", "E1 "E-Max") What is the socially optimal level of emissions (choose from one of the following and enter as written without the quotation marks, "E-0". "E"E1 "E-Max").There are two towns, A and B, each with a plant emitting pollution. The emission from plant Ais uniformly distributed across both town A and B. The emissions from plant B are local to town B. Despite the difference in affected area, the marginal benefit to either town of abating one unit of pollution from either source is the same, MB(Qi) = 17 − Qi per person, where Qi is total emissions abated from town i’s air. The marginal cost of abatement at plants A and B are MCA(qA) = 200qA and MCB(qB) = 100qB, respectively. If town A has 300 citizens and town B has 200, what is the efficient tax to set at each plant?