MHC restriction is best described as a. elimination of thymocytes bearing T-cell receptors that are unable to interact with self-MHC molecules b. preferential survival and proliferation of thymocyes that survive negative selection c. T-cell recognition of a peptide antigen only when it is bound to a particular form of MHC molecule d. a state of non-responsiveness to a peptide antigen e. a condition in which either MHC class I or class II molecules are not expressed on cells.

Q: Match the term in Column A with its description in Column B.

A: Immunoglobulins also known as antibodies is a large Y shaped protein used by the immune system to…

Q: Which of the following statements about innate lymphoid cells is true? (ONE ANSWER)   Require the…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor but can produce…

Q: MHC class I molecules present peptide antigens derived from a(n) _______ compartment, whereas MHC…

A: (Major histocompatibility complex). They play vital role in intercellular recognition and…

Q: Write of the following statements is correct?  A. Antigen fragments that bind to MHC class I…

A: Freshly formed proteins that fail to fold or blend properly into the endoplasmic reticulum will be…

Q: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding memory B cells? a. Memory B cells express…

A: B cells are a part of adaptive immune response. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their…

Q: Which of the following is part of the second line of defense against pathogens? a. skin b. mucus…

A: The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes).…

Q: For each of the following statements, indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false,…

A: a. TrueBooster shots are given because the immune response to an antigen weakens over time. Repeated…

Q: uch of the following best defines MHC restriction? Select one: a. The TCR recognizes a particular…

A: Concept used -  T cell receptors and MHC restriction    Important definitions-  MHC restriction :…

Q: Loss-of-function mutations in the common γ chain (γc) gene are particularly damaging to the immune…

A: The effect of genetic modification is termed "job-loss" in which the genetic product is reduced or…

Q: The reason why therapeutic anti-IgE is able to suppress allergic responses is that _____. a.…

A: The immune system is what protects your body from sicknesses and infections. It's the real system…

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of T cell receptors?

A: Only on the cell membrane are T-cell antigen receptors to be located. Because it is made up of two…

Q: The process of removing auto-reactive b and T cells during maturation is called: a. Clonal…

A: Clonal deletion is the removal through apoptosis of B cells and T cells that has expressed…

Q: All of the following have been observed in individuals deficient in either CD3δ or CD3ε except a.…

A: Answer: Introduction: CD3 means a cluster of differentiation is a complex of proteins and T- cell…

Q: Which of the following interactions will NOT provoke an immune response?     A. Endogenous antigen +…

A: Ans - d) Endogenous antigen + MHC Class I + BCR, will not provoke an immune response. The two types…

Q: The following events occur in humoral immunity, leading to an activated B cell in a T dependent…

A: Humoral immunity is a crucial component of the immune system that involves the production of…

Q: Any given MHC molecule binds peptides that are related structurally. These families of peptides have…

A: MHC MHC is the Major Histocompatibility Complex that consists of genes that encode specialised…

Q: All of the following apply to allergic responses (Type I Hypersensitivities) EXCEPT: (choose what…

A: Allergic reactions, especially Type I hypersensitivity reactions, are a typical immune system…

Q: What is one way that CD8+- cells are activated? A. by binding to a processed antigen on an MCH II…

A: White blood cells called CD8+ T cells are also referred to as cytotoxic T cells. These cells are…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: Class switching is initiated by T-cell activation via CD40 ligation. You are working with a mouse…

A: Class switching, also known as isotype switching, is a process in B cells that involves changing the…

Q: A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go…

A: Cytotoxic T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the type of T lymphocytes that plays a role in…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: Cytotoxic T cells express which of the following proteins on their cell surface? (Select all that…

A: T cells or T-lymphocytes are the immune cells. These cells are the type of white blood cells that…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: Pattern recognition receptors bind to Select one: a. B and T lymphocytes b. Host cell-associated…

A: Introduction Pattern Recognition Receptors are; Toll-like receptors (TLR) Nucleotide-binding…

Q: 14. Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response are: A. eosinophils. В.…

A: Answer No 14 -- Humoral Immunity -- There are two types of immune responses             ( i )…

Q: The T-cell antigen receptor is similar to immunoglobulin molecules in that it: a. can cross the…

A: Antigens are any foreign bodies that enter the human body. The body has an immune system that…

Q: During positive selection, if the selecting MHC molecule is class I, then a. gene expression of…

A: Positive selection refers to the event in which T cells become largely specified to develop…

Q: A metabolically stressed epithelial cell expresses the protein MICits surface and then interacts…

A: NK cells are activated as an early event during an immune response and does not require the need for…

Q: Cancer cells often underexpress MHC class 1 molecules. Due to these characteristics, they may be the…

A: MHC class I molecules are heterodimers containing a heavy chain of about 350 amino acids and a light…

Q: Sketch a diagram to illustrate the interaction between MHC I molecules of the named cell type and…

A: The MHC I molecules are the major histocompatibility complex I which are present on the surface of…

Q: 1. which antibody isotypes is in lowest concentration in serum? a- IGA b- IgD c-IgG d-IgE e-…

A:

Q: Which of the following is not a possible mechanism for autoimmunity? Select one: A. Abnormal…

A: The immune system protects the body against illnesses and infections. It is composed of several…

Q: When an immature dendritic cell becomes an activated dendritic cell, all of the following changes…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: The nucleus of B lymphocytes receives the signal indicating that the corresponding epitope was found…

A: The B lymphocyte (B cell) is indeed one of the body's most essential cells. By developing antibodies…

Q: Which of the following is false about HLA class I molecules? A. They are encoded by multiple and…

A: INTRODUCTION HLA Human leukocyte antigen, when a cell is infected with virus or any harmful agent…

Q: 1. In central tolerance, 3 mechanisms deviate B cells away from making autoreactive antibody. Which…

A: These are multiple choice questions.

Q: Identify which of the following statements regarding naive T cells is incorrect. a. Naive T cells…

A: T lymphocytes or T cells are the cells which are an essential part of the immune system. These cells…

Q: Which of the following statements is the most accurate concerning lymphocytes? a. T cells and B…

A: Lymphocytes are the cells that help to fight the microorganism that cause diseases. In normal human…

Q: Match the molecule or domains of molecules in Column A to what it binds in Column B.

A: The abbreviation MHC stands for the major histocompatibility complex. These are found to be…

Q: Hyperacute graft rejection is caused by Select one: A. hyperactivated helper T cells. B.…

A: Its a type of transplant rejection which occurs within minutes of organ transplant. Pre existing…

Q: During allergic sensitization, which of the following statements are FALSE? A. Allergen exposure…

A: If the foreign substance after entering the body is capable of inducing allergic reaction then the…

Q: During the secondary immune response, in the serum you would expect a. to find a greater…

A: Introduction The secondary immune response occurs on repeated antigen exposures, with a stronger…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.