In a couple of sentences, explain how eukaryotic activator proteins (that are usually gene-specific transcription factors) can enhance transcription even when bound to sequences hundreds or thousands of nucleotide pairs away from a gene’s promoter.   2. Describe three common characteristics of transcription factors. The characteristics may relate to structure, or mechanism of action   (PLEASE ANSWER BOTH PLEASE)

1. Suppose there was a mutation in the inducer of the lac operon, such that the inducer was unable to function. How would the lac operon be affected? Please explain your reasoning in 1-3 sentences.

1. What happens during transcription? Possible sentence frame: Transcription is the process in which the information from converted into This happens by is

3. miR164 is a gene that encodes for a miRNA that targets a transcription factor. Describe in detail how, mechanistically, expression of miR164 could lead to altering the function of the transcription factor

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4. The graph below was taken from a paper by Galardi et al., 2007, studying the role of two microRNAs (mIR-221 and mIR-222) in prostate cancer progression. The researchers identified that these cancerous cells have an upregulation in both mIR221 and miR 222. Use the graphs below to answer the questions A-B. Background: Panel A shows the nucleotide sequence of both miRs and a cell cycle inhibitor gene known as p27. Panel B shows protein levels of the p27 gene in three different cell lines, PC3 (a fast- growing cancer) and 22RV1 and LNCAP (two slow-growing cancers). A miR-221 3'-CUUUGGGUCGUCUGUUACAUCGA-5 ::: I : IIIII 1320-AUAGUUUUUACCUUUUAUGUAGCA -1: р27 Control miR-222 3-UCUGGGUC-AUCGGUCUACAUCGA-5 35 e P27 knock 30 down В p27 actin 48 Silvia Galardi et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2007:282-23716-23724 JBC time (h) Answer the following question(s): A. Summarize what you think the relationship between miR-221 and miR-222 with p27 in relation to the progression of cancer. B. If you were to develop…

1. What features of a protein-coding gene might be found in a non-coding gene? 2. What features are unnecessary in a non-coding gene?