Describe the process that results in the activation of multiple copies of PKBPKB in response to the binding of a single molecule of insulin to its receptor. Explain why insulin can stimulate the activation PKBPKBof but not the activation of PKPK.

Continuous exposure of a G protein-coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecule mechanisms for receptor desensitization

—Hemophilia B, an X-linked genetic disorder which highly affects males, is a condition in which levels of Factor VIII are significantly decreased. Please describe the physiologic pathway which utilizes Factor VIII and describe the consequences of missing this factor from a physiologic perspective.

Name two proteins that are effectors of the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, liver, or muscle cells. Explain how these effector proteins address the conditions that triggered insulin release.

A. What is the difference between preproinsulin and proinsulin? B. What is cleaved out of proinsulin to allow the mature insulin molecule to be formed?  C. What is the C peptide and why is it medically significant? D. What is the purpose of the signal sequence and why isn’t it present in the mature insulin molecule?

There is a membrane receptor that exerts its effect through increased cAMP synthesis via an activated G protein.  A mutant cell line is found to contain an altered form of this receptor that is constantly activated.  What specific word describes such an enzyme and explain what effect(s) it has on cellular cAMP levels?

A fixed amount of radiolabelled insulin was incubated with a fixed amount of anti-insulin antibody, the bound ligand was separated from free ligand at different time intervals. Draw a diagram of the concentration of the insulin/antibody complex with time. (Insulin/antibody complex is the bound ligand) asap typed only .

Provide annotated structure image/diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2). Giving the ligand bidning sites.

John was repeating George Palade's pulse and chase experiment to trace insulin secretion pathway within cells. When he observed his samples under the electron microscope, he saw the ³H]-leucine labelling all over the cells, which indicates that he made some mistakes in carrying out the experiment. Which of the following is a correct suggestion to improve his result? O Use liver sample after the pulse-chase injection O Inject [13C]-leucine instead of [³H]-leucine Inject non-labeled leucine earlier than what he did O Use phase contrast light microscope instead of electron microscope O Observe the sample two days after pulse-chase injection

Which processes are involved in the signaling pathway from insulin to glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inactivation (select all that apply)? O protein kinase B being activated by a protein kinase known as PDK-1 O activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) by phosphorylation O phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase associating with IRS-1 generates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate O protein kinase B phosphorylating GSK3, resulting in its activation O insulin binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor