Arachidonic (AA) acid is an important lipid involved in the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins. A common treatment of inflammatory conditions is the administration of corticosteroids. These drugs lower the expression of sPLA2. Describe how corticosteroid use leads to the lowering of prostaglandins.

Because of prolonged stress created by the COVID 19 pandemic, many people have experienced adrenal fatigue created by the General Adaptation Syndrome. Please explain, using COVID-19 as an example, what this is and how this process develops into adrenal fatigue or organ collapse. Be sure to explain each stage of GAS and which/how hormones are involved in your answer.

Thyroid peroxidase iodinates tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin protein, and this enzymatic reaction occurs in the cytoplasm of follicular cells of the thyroid gland.  True  False.  Although the thyroid gland releases far more thyroxine (T4) that triiodothyronine (T3), it is T3 that is the active hormone that regulates gene expression in target cells.  True  False In Gravesâ disease, circulating levels of both thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and TSH are very low compared to a normal person.  True  False I do not need explanation. I need just the answer.

Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In your answer, make clear the term ‘insulin resistance’ by providing an example to illustrate your understanding of this occurrence. Determine whether the C-peptide test would be useful in diagnosing type 2 diabetes

Can you please explain the actions of eicosanoids.

Mention the chemical change that proinsulin undergoes, to be able to act as mature insulin.

Explain the activation of the protein kinase, c-raf, in response to growth factor receptor activation

You are studying a cell line that expresses both GPCR-A and GPCR-B, each receptor binds the same ligand but activates different heterotrimeric G proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. GPCR-A causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-B causes an decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. There is a basal level of adenylyl cyclase activity that produces a baseline CAMP concentration. Which of the following mutations would decrease the intracellular levels of cAMP upon ligand addition? Select all that apply. A mutation in Gi that prevents release of bound GDP A mutation in GPCR-B that prevents G protein activation A mutation in GPCR-A that prevents G protein activation A mutation in Gs that prevents release of bound GDP

Describe the process that results in the activation of multiple copies of PKBPKB in response to the binding of a single molecule of insulin to its receptor. Explain why insulin can stimulate the activation PKBPKBof but not the activation of PKPK.

Estimate the concentration of norepinephrine at which the response reaches 50% (disregard that there are two curves) express the concentration in microM. List the concentrations at which the response was tested.