—Hemophilia B, an X-linked genetic disorder which highly affects males, is a condition in which levels of Factor VIII are significantly decreased. Please describe the physiologic pathway which utilizes Factor VIII and describe the consequences of missing this factor from a physiologic perspective.

Because of prolonged stress created by the COVID 19 pandemic, many people have experienced adrenal fatigue created by the General Adaptation Syndrome. Please explain, using COVID-19 as an example, what this is and how this process develops into adrenal fatigue or organ collapse. Be sure to explain each stage of GAS and which/how hormones are involved in your answer.

Explain the mechanism of action of tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer.

Normally, when blood glucose level increases (e.g. after a meal), the islet cells in the pancreas secrete insulin. When insulin molecules bind to insulin receptors on the surface of a muscle cell, the receptors become activated, initiating a signaling pathway which eventually results in the increase in the number of passive glucose transporter on the muscle cell surface thus increases the uptake of glucose into the cell and decrease blood glucose level. Indicate whether the following conditions/practice will likely lead to diabetes (mark Yes or No). [Select] degeneration of islet cells [Select] [Select] [Select] a mutation in the insulin receptor that increases its kinase activity ✓ exercise a mutation in the insulin receptor that prevents dimerization

Thyroid peroxidase iodinates tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin protein, and this enzymatic reaction occurs in the cytoplasm of follicular cells of the thyroid gland.  True  False.  Although the thyroid gland releases far more thyroxine (T4) that triiodothyronine (T3), it is T3 that is the active hormone that regulates gene expression in target cells.  True  False In Gravesâ disease, circulating levels of both thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and TSH are very low compared to a normal person.  True  False I do not need explanation. I need just the answer.

Contrast inhibition of excitation at the NMJ by curare & tetrodotoxin.  Focusing on the mechanisms of inhibition, the exact step in the process that is inhibited, and the physiological consequences.

Describe the most important regulatory mechanisms controlling the synthesis and secretion of steroids.

Explain how GEF and GAP activate and deactivate RAS, respectively.

Give an overview of the pathway and what it does, and explain the nature of the TNF ligand and the receptor for that ligand. Make sure to include an explanation of the proteolytic and phosphorylation cascades.

PDHC is an enzyme complex consisting of 3 different enzymes. Which of the following processes regulate the activity of PDH Complex? (multiple answers) A) Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation of E1 B) High levels of cAMP C) Acetylation/Deacetylation of E1 D) High NADH/NAD+ ratio E) High NAD+/NADH ratio