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- 2. Biosynthesis of cholesterol in the human body: 2.1. cellular and tissue localization of the process; 2.2. sources of Acetyl-CoA for cholesterol synthesis; 2.3. the first stage of cholesterol synthesis - formation of mevalonic acid. regulatory enzyme;8. Write the equation for the action of Pancreatin (lipase) on a molecule of Tristearin.1) Discuss recent findings on the effects of consumption of cholesterol and saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats. Give examples of each type of fat. 2) We often think only of DNA and RNA as nucleic acids. Discuss the role of other, less “well-known” nucleic acids, such as cAMP, cGMP, NADH, NADPH, and FADH. 3) Collagen is a very important structural protein in animals. Discuss the various parts of the body in which collagen is an important structural molecule and what its function is at each body location.
- 15. G + C Content: Describe how the G+C content of an organism can be measured. In your response, be sure to address the following:a. What is the significance of determining GC vs. AT content?14. The Case against the Liquid Protein Diet A weight-reducing diet heavily promoted some years ago required the daily intake of "liquid protein" (soup of hy- drolyzed gelatin), water, and an assortment of vitamins. All other food and drink were to be avoided. People on this diet typically lost 10 to 14 lb in the first week. (a) Opponents argued that the weight loss was almost entirely due to water loss and would be regained very soon after a normal diet was resumed. What is the biochemical ba- sis for this argument? (b) A number of people on this diet died. What are some of the dangers inherent in the diet, and how can they lead to death?1. How much energy, in the form of ATP, is obtained from b-oxidation of 1 mol of linoleic acid? 2. What would be the metabolic consequences of cells not expressing LDL receptors? 3. Vitamin D3 is derived from cholesterol. How and in which tissues does conversion occur?
- 7. List pathways of lipid metabolism activated in adipose tissue after meal. Explain.6. Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in egg white) having a very high affinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucose metabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? For answer: a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate; b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takes place.1. Briefly differentiate COX-1 from the COX- 2 enzyme. 2. Which NSAID is chiefly used as antiplatelet medication now? Explain its MOA related to the purported action. 3. Are all NSAIDs weak acids? Why or why not? 4. Are all NSAIDs active drugs? Why or why not?
- 11. State the effect of the following conditions to the yield of extracted glycogen (increase, decrease or no effect). Provide a brief explanation for each Condition Effect Explanation 10%HCI was used instead of 10%HOAC Chicken meat was used instead of chicken liver1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.Q1. Many of the components for lipid synthesis need to be "activated", which happens by a variety of mechanisms. For each of the following activation processes, state WHAT is added and WHAT ENZYME catalyzes the reaction. Acetyl-CoA activation for fatty acid synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Glycerol activation for Phosphatidic Acid (PA) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Fatty acid activation for Diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: DAG activation for Phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis: WHAT is added: ENZYME: Choline activation for Phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis WHAT is added: ENZYME:
