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- 5. Treatment of the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia by statins (pravastatin, for instants) allows to decrease cholesterol levels in blood up to the normal range. Explain the statin action on the cholesterol metabolism. For that: a) draw the scheme of the cholesterol synthesis, indicate the key enzyme of the pathway; b) name all mechanisms of the key enzyme regulation and statin's action; c) describe the structure of LDL receptor and its function in cholesterol metabolism; d) explain the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia and the symptoms of the disease.5. Ways of cholesterol biotransformation, their tissue localization: 5.1. extracellular (LCAT) and intracellular (ACAT) cholesterol esterification, the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the biological significance of its esters; 5.2. biosynthesis of bile acids, formation of steroid hormones; vitamin D.8. Write the equation for the action of Pancreatin (lipase) on a molecule of Tristearin.
- 2. Biosynthesis of cholesterol in the human body: 2.1. cellular and tissue localization of the process; 2.2. sources of Acetyl-CoA for cholesterol synthesis; 2.3. the first stage of cholesterol synthesis - formation of mevalonic acid. regulatory enzyme;1. How much energy, in the form of ATP, is obtained from b-oxidation of 1 mol of linoleic acid? 2. What would be the metabolic consequences of cells not expressing LDL receptors? 3. Vitamin D3 is derived from cholesterol. How and in which tissues does conversion occur?7. List pathways of lipid metabolism activated in adipose tissue after meal. Explain.
- 11. State the effect of the following conditions to the yield of extracted glycogen (increase, decrease or no effect). Provide a brief explanation for each Condition Effect Explanation 10%HCI was used instead of 10%HOAC Chicken meat was used instead of chicken liver6. Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in egg white) having a very high affinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucose metabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? For answer: a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate; b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takes place.1. In a table form, give the proteins involved in body iron sensing and hepcidin production. For the first column: proteins; second column: locations and third column: functions.
- 1. Briefly differentiate COX-1 from the COX- 2 enzyme. 2. Which NSAID is chiefly used as antiplatelet medication now? Explain its MOA related to the purported action. 3. Are all NSAIDs weak acids? Why or why not? 4. Are all NSAIDs active drugs? Why or why not?1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.5
