Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 9.3, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The sequence of changes in the
Introduction:
During the electron transport chain (ETC), electrons from the electron donors move across the mitochondrial membrane through a sequence of membrane proteins. The oxygen acts as the final e− (electron) acceptor. These reactions are known as redox reactions as molecules are oxidized and reduced one after the other.
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Inhibitors of electron transport have been used to determine the order of electron carriers.
What would be the expected redox states of cytochrome a, bi, and c when the following
inhibitors are added to succinate-driven respiring mitochondria?
(i)
myxothiazol
(ii)
antimycin A
(iii)
rotenone
When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared
mitochondria along with ADP, P, antimycin A, and oxygen, the
cytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/o
ratio approaching 1.0.
(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.
(b) Why was antimycin A added?
(c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of cou-
pling sites for oxidative phosphorylation?
(d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cyt
c oxidation and ATP synthesis).
You experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III, cytochrome reductase, from participating in redox reactions. You follow this with the addition of 6 molecules of FADH2. How many total ATP molecules can be created using the number of protons that were pumped?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which of the following is TRUE about cytochrome c protein? As a part of the ETC chain, it changes conformation to allow H+ ions to flow out of the matrix. It is found on the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and, therefore, contains start-transfer and/or stop-transfer sequences. With assistance from Bax, it can move out of the mitochondria and into the cytosol. It is considered a symporter because it is involved in electron transport. It is able to puncture holes in the plasma membrane to initiate apoptosis.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning the complete oxidation of FADH2 in the electron transport chain is NOT true? a. In the final step, electrons from cytochrome c to O2 reducing it to H2O in complex IV, and four protons are transported from the intermembrane space to the matrix. b. In the first step, electrons from FADH2 are transferred in complex II to ubiquinone, which does not transport any proton across the inner mitochondrion membrane. c. In the second step, complex III transfers the electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c, and four protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space. d. The complete oxidation of FADH2 causes transfer of 6 protons and yields two ATP.arrow_forwardFreshly prepared mitochondria were incubated with β-hydroxybutyrate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, Pi, and cyanide. β-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized by an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. The experimenter measured the rate of oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate andthe rate of formation of ATP.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) How many moles of ATP would you expect to be formed per mole ofβ-hydroxybutyrate oxidized in this system?(c) Why is b-hydroxybutyrate added rather than NADH?(d) What is the function of the cyanide?(e) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction occurring in thissystem (electron transport and ATP synthesis). (f) Calculate the net standard free energy change (ΔG°') in this system,using E'0 values from Table 14.1 and a ΔG°' value for ATP hydrolysisof -32.2 kJ/mol.arrow_forward
- Per NADH consumed by Complex I, indicate the number for each, AS those reducing equivalents flow through the electron transport chain. In other words, if "XYZ" molecule gets reduced at one step and then re-oxidized at the next step, that would count as 1 XYZ reduced. Think Total not Net. a)Total # of Cytochrome C proteins reduced b)Total # of H+ pumped across membrane c)Total # of H2O producedarrow_forwardIf both complex I and complex II send electrons to cytochrome c, how many cytochrome c molecules will it take to deliver those electrons to complex IV? Assume that complex I received one NADH and complex I catalyzed oxidation of one succinate.arrow_forwardHydrogen cyanide gas is a lethal poison that binds to the last cytochrome molecule in the electron transport chain. What effect would this have at the cellular level?arrow_forward
- Hydrogen cyanide gas is a lethal poison that binds to the last cytochrome molecule in the electron transport system. What effect would this have at the cellular level?arrow_forwardCyanide is a poison that inhibits the electron transport chain by creating a strong and stable bond with Fe–Cu center in cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV). What is the immediate consequence cyanide poisoning? answer choices A.) Prevent oxidation of NADH B.) Prevent reduction of oxygen C.) Prevent reduction of NADH D.) Prevent oxidation of oxygenarrow_forwardIn the presence of oxygen, the mitochondrion in yeast is used for aerobic respiration,however, under anaerobic conditions,the yeast mitochondria have been found to have other function. Identify and briefly discuss four of these functionsarrow_forward
- Why are electron carriers (NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2) so important in the process of cellular respiration? A)NADH and FADH2 are major components of the ETC, so without them, there would be no ETC in the cell. B)They deliver electrons to the ETC, which in turn sets up chemiosmosis, where most of the ATP is generated. C)They separate the electrons from the protons so that the protons can be moved out of the mitochondrion. D)The electrons that they carry are able to directly phosphorylate ADP in order to generate the bulk of ATP in the cell. E) They transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane. 14.arrow_forwardDraw a simple sketch illustrating an inner mitochondrial membrane that is actively involved in chemiosmosis and label the two compartments it separates. Add the ATP synthase complex, indicate the proton gradient, and specify in which compartment ATP is synthesized.arrow_forwardWhich of these molecules associated with electron transport is in the reduced state? Choose from the following: (A) cytochrome a3+++ (b) cytochrome a3++arrow_forward
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