Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134765037
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9, Problem 9SQ
Adult height in people is at least partially hereditary; tall parents tend to have tall children. But people come in a range of sizes, not just tall or short. What extension of Mendel’s model could produce this variation in height?
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Many traits that people think about as "running in families" or as being heritable in plants or animals are not inherited in the simple patterns that Mendel observed. What are some of the reasons that a trait could be strongly affected by genes but still not show the simple ratios that Mendel observed?
Mendel’s experiments used plants that had traits which follow simple laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. We have since learned that not all traits follow these simple laws. Give at least three examples of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns and explain how each differs from Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
A woman with fair skin, blond hair, and blue eyes gives birth to fraternal twins; the father has dark brown skin, dark hair, and brown eyes. One twin has blond hair, brown eyes, and light skin, and the other has dark hair, brown eyes, and dark skin. What Mendelian law does this real-life case illustrate and explain what this means in terms of the inherited alleles for these genes?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Ch. 9 - The genetic makeup of an organism is called its...Ch. 9 - Which of Mendels laws is represented by each...Ch. 9 - Edward was found to be heterozygous (Ss) for the...Ch. 9 - Whether an allele is dominant or recessive depends...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5SQCh. 9 - Prob. 6SQCh. 9 - Prob. 7SQCh. 9 - Prob. 8SQCh. 9 - Adult height in people is at least partially...Ch. 9 - A purebred brown mouse is repeatedly mated with a...
Ch. 9 - How could you determine the genotype of one of the...Ch. 9 - Tim and Jan have freckles (a dominant trait), but...Ch. 9 - Incomplete dominance is seen in the inheritance of...Ch. 9 - Why was Henry VIII wrong to blame his wives for...Ch. 9 - Both parents of a boy arc phenotypically normal,...Ch. 9 - Heather was surprised to discover that she...Ch. 9 - Prob. 17SQCh. 9 - Prob. 18IMTCh. 9 - Prob. 19IMTCh. 9 - For each pair of your homologous chromosomes, one...Ch. 9 - In 1981, a stray cat with unusual curled-back ears...Ch. 9 - Interpreting Data As shown in the Punnett square...Ch. 9 - There are now nearly 200 recognized breeds of dog,...Ch. 9 - Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded...Ch. 9 - Prob. 25BS
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- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements describes Mendel's law of independent assortment? The inheritance of one characteristic does not affect the inheritance of another characteristic. The inheritance pattern of one offspring will not affect the characteristics in a sibling. The inheritance of one characteristic will determine the inheritance of other characteristics. Only one characteristic is inherited in each generation. Submit Request Answer Part B In dogs, coat color (B or b) and hearing (D or d) are both genetically determined. If a dog is genotype BBDd, what gametes could it make? Select all that apply. bd BB Dd Bd BD bDarrow_forward
- Two brown-eyed parents produce a blue-eyed child. Grandparents suspect infidelity on the part of the mother since neither parent had blue eyes. Explain the Mendelian relationships. What type of inheritance is represented here?arrow_forwardMendel's second postulate states: When two different unit factors responsible for a characteristic are found in the same organism, one will dominate and determine the characteristic type. Explain this postulate using modern genetic terms. Be sure to include the following terms in your explanation: dominant, recessive, allele, phenotype, genotype.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a conclusion in Mendel' independent assortment law? options: Genes controlling different traits segregate independently of each. Gametes from each plant have two copies of the gene for each trait. An organism's homologous chromosomes segregate from each other during gamete formation. The two genes for a trait carried by an organism may be identical to one anotherarrow_forward
- The gene for pea pod colour has two alleles. The dominant allele, G, is associated with the dominant trait of green pea pod colour. The recessive allele, g, is associated with the recessive trait of yellow peapod colour. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in terms of pea pod colour? Which of Mendel’s laws is responsible for the ability of a Punnett square to predict the correct genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring?arrow_forwardGregor Mendel’s basic principles of inheritance say that each trait is controlled by just one gene with just two alleles, and that each allele is clearly dominant or recessive to the other. However, we now know that many (if not most) traits are not actually inherited according to these rules. Name and describe two other (i.e., non-Mendelian) inheritance patterns, including how each one works, and a give specific example of an actual trait that follows each pattern.arrow_forwardTwo healthy parents have a child who is later diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. What is the genetic term for this kind of disease? Using Mendel’s pattern, pick a letter for this gene and give the genotypes of the parents and the child. What are the odds that their next child will also have cystic fibrosis?arrow_forward
- Why was Mendel’s success dependent on his studying characteristics that exhibit only two easily distinguished phenotypes, such as white versus gray seed coats and round versus wrinkled seeds? Would he have been less successful if he had instead studied traits such as seed weight or leaf length, which vary much more in their phenotype?arrow_forwardCystic fibrosis is a disease that is passed down through the generations. The recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis are heterozygous carriers in both parents. What is the probability that one of their children may develop cystic fibrosis?arrow_forwardThis exercise is designed to give you some practice with Punnett squares and Mendel's principals of inheritance. Melanin is a chemical pigment produced in our body that contributes greatly to our skin, eye, and hair pigmentation -it also relates to color of fur, feathers, and such in animals. In general, the more melanin that is produced, the darker the color. A few genes contribute to the type and amount of melanin that is produced. Most people produce melanin in their skin, because it helps protect against the damages caused by the sun. This is why people tan. There is, however, a particular set of recessive alleles that cause a person to produce little or no melanin, and we refer to this as albinism. An animal or person who has little or no melanin is referred to as albino, and this can manifest in hair, skin, and eyes. For humans, this can be a rather dangerous condition as albinos are far more susceptible to sun damage, particularly cancer. In this exercise, the alleles are as…arrow_forward
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