Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 8, Problem 36RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The rate of conduction of sensory axons, in meter per sec and miles per hour.
Introduction:
The neurons or nerve cells are regarded as the constituting and working units of the brain. It is made up of three parts, that are axons, dendrites and the cell body. It contains a long threadlike part which is responsible for the conduction of impulse from the cell body to other cells.
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1CPCh. 8 - Describe the embryonic origin of the brain...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3aCPCh. 8 - Describe the locations and functions of the basal...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4aCPCh. 8 - Prob. 4bCPCh. 8 - Prob. 5CPCh. 8 - Prob. 6CPCh. 8 - Prob. 7aCPCh. 8 - Prob. 7bCP
Ch. 8 - Prob. 8aCPCh. 8 - Prob. 8bCPCh. 8 - Prob. 9CPCh. 8 - Prob. 10CPCh. 8 - Prob. 11aCPCh. 8 - List the tracts of the extrapyramidal system and...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 8 - Prob. 12bCPCh. 8 - Prob. 1RACh. 8 - Prob. 2RACh. 8 - Prob. 3RACh. 8 - Prob. 4RACh. 8 - Prob. 5RACh. 8 - Prob. 6RACh. 8 - Prob. 7RACh. 8 - Prob. 8RACh. 8 - Prob. 9RACh. 8 - Prob. 10RACh. 8 - Prob. 11RACh. 8 - Prob. 12RACh. 8 - Prob. 13RACh. 8 - Prob. 14RACh. 8 - Prob. 15RACh. 8 - Prob. 16RACh. 8 - Prob. 17RACh. 8 - The thalamus has been described as a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 19RACh. 8 - Prob. 20RACh. 8 - Prob. 21RACh. 8 - Prob. 22RACh. 8 - Prob. 23RACh. 8 - Prob. 24RACh. 8 - State two reasons why researchers distinguish...Ch. 8 - Describe evidence showing that the hippocampus is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 27RACh. 8 - Prob. 28RACh. 8 - Prob. 29RACh. 8 - Recent studies suggest that medial temporal lobe...Ch. 8 - Much has been made (particularly by left-handers)...Ch. 8 - Prob. 32RACh. 8 - Prob. 33RACh. 8 - Neurologists have noticed that patients with...Ch. 8 - Prob. 35RACh. 8 - Prob. 36RACh. 8 - Table 7.3 (chapter 7) provides the axon diameters...Ch. 8 - Prob. 38RACh. 8 - Prob. 39RACh. 8 - Table 7.3 (chapter 7) provides the axon diameters...
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- A nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated. This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness: Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction. Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate. Disease…arrow_forwardStudy the diagram of a synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in a simple reflex arc involving only two neurons. Use the information provided by the diagram to answer the questions. 60 mV 2- +40 mv 3. d. -60 mV + 40 mV f 1. If the neurotransmitter substance was acetylcholine, describe two places where this synapse might be found in the body. Answer: From the diagram, identify where receptors for the neurotransmitter would be located. Explain your answer. 2. Answer: 3. Which letter indicates the axon of the sensory neuron? Justify your answer. Answer: 4. Identify where an action potential is occurring. Justify your answer. Answer: What structure is represented by the letter F? What is the function of F? What effect does F have on the transmission of action potentials along the neuron? 5.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionarrow_forward
- Why does the autonomic motor nervous system use twoneurons (preganglionic and ganglionic) in a chain to aneffector? (For the answer, read section 18.1a.)arrow_forwardSensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as “afferent.” Motor fibers, or pathways, are referred to as “efferent.” What can you infer about the meaning of these two terms (afferent and efferent) in a structural or anatomical context?arrow_forwardConsider three alpha-motor neurons of different sizes: small, medium and large. All three neurons receive input from the same excitatory interneuron. When the interneuron fires action potentials at low frequency, only one alpha motor neuron fires action potentials. As the action potential frequency of the interneuron increases, two alpha-motor neurons are recruited, and at maximum frequency, all three are recruited. In what order would the three alpha-motor neurons have been recruited? Large first, then medium, then small. Small first, then medium, then large. Medium first, then small, then large. Medium first, then large, then small.arrow_forward
- When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?arrow_forwardIn the introduction section the authors wrote “In general, the polarity-dependent mechanisms are recognized to cause membrane depolarization by anodal stimulation which increases cerebral excitability, or membrane hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation leading to a decrease in neuronal excitability.” Based on this quote what affect, if any, does anodal stimulation have on ion channels?arrow_forwardIn the discussion section the authors wrote “In this study, we observed that different paradigms of tES application could ameliorate motor function impairments in ICH induced by collagenase administration into the striatum of rats.” a. Is the information in this quote about afferent of efferent? b.By what word or words do you know that your answer to the question is correct? c. Why did you choose this word or words as an answer to the question?arrow_forward
- In a combination of excitatory or inhibitory synaptic connections the following is true it is poorly exemplified by the stretch reflex during a knee jerk in the stretch reflex circuit the biceps or flexor muscle gets activated in the stretch reflex circuit the quadriceps or extensor muscle gets activated an inhibitory interneuron inhibits the flexor motor neuron an inhibitory interneuron inhibits the extensor motor neuron motor neuronarrow_forwardA laboratory experiment is set up where you have two fully functional nerves properly aligned so that it potentially can transmit an action potential through a synapse to the second nerve. The buffer outside the cells contain Na+, H+ and Cl- as the only inorganic ions. When you stimulate the nerve, surprisingly the second nerve does not respond. What is the most likely explanation for the failure of the second nerve response? State why you chose your answer. a. The lack of K+ in the buffer prevents propagation of the action potential b. Neurotransmitter is not being released into the synaptic space. c. An action potential can only be initiated by opening a ligand-gated channel. d. Although neurotransmitter is released, it is unable to stimulate opening of the second nerve' ligand-gated channel. e. Repolarization of the axon does not occur in this buffer.arrow_forwardOne treatment for myasthenia gravis is a medication that blocks the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Suggest why this might be a successful treatment.arrow_forward
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