Chapter 8, Problem 107A

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Maximum number of hybrid orbitals that a carbon atom can form needs to be defined.

Concept introduction:

When two atomic orbitals are mixed, formation of a hybrid orbital takes place. The observed shapes of a molecule by existence of similar hybrid orbitals are explained by hybridization.

Explanation of Solution

In the periodic table, carbon is belongs to group 14. Group 14 elements have 4 electrons in outermost shell. Thus carbon atom has maximum four hybrid orbitals. Hybrid orbitals of carbon are shown as follows:

Conclusion

Four hybrid orbitals are formed from three p orbitals and one s orbital. Thus ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ orbital is also known as hydrid orbital. Total number of pairs of electrons is equivalent the number of atomic orbitals mixed to form the hybrid orbital.