Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(b)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(c)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(d)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(e)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(f)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
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Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
- For each of the following substituents, indicate whether it withdraws electrons inductively, donates electrons by hyperconjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance, or donates electrons by resonance. (Effects should be compared with that of a hydrogen; remember that many substituents can be characterized in more than one way.) a. Br b CH2CH3 c. C=OCH3 d. NHCH3 e. OCH3 f. +N(CH3)3arrow_forward2. For each of the following compounds draw a three-dimensional representation. a) (S)-2-chlorobutane b) (2R, 3S)-2,3-dibromohexane c) (R)-1,1,2-trimethylcyclohexanearrow_forwardBe sure to answer all parts. Name the following compound according to substitutive IUPAC nomenclature. OH (select) (select) (select) (select) 7 of 11 Next> < Prev C F5 PrtSc F6 F4 F7 F10 F8 F9 F3 F11 F12 & # 4 3 7 9 0 CO LO ASTarrow_forward
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- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning