Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that gives rise to carbocation intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as
In addition reaction of
Electrophilic addition: It is an type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Electrophile: The positively charged species or with electron rich atom with vacant orbital that seeks for electrons hence it approaches the nucleophiles and results in the bonding.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
(b)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that involves no intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Electrophilic addition: It is an type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Electrophile: The positively charged species or with electron rich atom with vacant orbital that seeks for electrons hence it approaches the nucleophiles and results in the bonding.
Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of
(c)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that forms 3 membered ring as intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
(d)
Interpretation:
The electrophilic reaction that forms 5 membered ring as intermediate should be identified.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.
Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.
Ozonolysis Reaction: It is an oxidative reaction which is used to oxidize the carbon-carbon double and triple bond.
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Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
- 1. Which carbonyl group of the given compound is most reactive for nucleophilic addition reaction? a. All have equal reactivity b. Carbonyl Group 1 c. Carbonyl Group 2 d. Carbonyl Group 2. An aldehyde commonly exhibits a nucleophilic addition type of reaction. When a nucleophile attacks a carbonyl carbon, what happens to the oxygen atom in the structure? Refer to the structure below. ~ a. Oxygen atom becomes more electronegative. b. Oxygen atom obtains a net negative charge. c. Oxygen atom transforms to an alkoxide group. d. Oxygen atom acts as the new electrophile. 3. Assign the trivial name of the structure below. a. Diphenylketone b. Benzyl phenylketone c. Diphenyl aldehyde d. Benzyl phenyl aldehydearrow_forwardон C-H ÓR Compound that contains a group like that shown above. a. acetal Ob. aldehyde c. Benedict's reagent d. carbonyl Oe. hemiacetal Of. hemiketal Og. hydrolysis h. ketal i. ketone Oj. Tollen's reagent 2.arrow_forwardWhich carbon will most likely undergo radical halogenation when reacted with Br, in the presence of light? C Вarrow_forward
- Check off boxes if they react. Then explain reaction for each one and rank from most to least reactivearrow_forwardIn the addition reactions of alkynes, the reagents undergo transformation to form first. a. a nucleophile b. an electrophile c. a carbocation d. a radicalarrow_forward7. Enols react as a. Electrophiles.....alkenes b. Electrophiles....alkanes c. Nucleophiles...alkenes d. Nucleophiles...alkanes in the same way that 8. Acylation of enolate ions proceeds by a a. E1 b. E2 C. SN1 d. SN2 c. Anhydride d. Beta-ketoacid | 9. The following molecule would be classified as a a. Alpha-ketoamide b. Beta-aldobase do. mechanism. HOarrow_forward
- please answer the bottom three questions for both reactionsarrow_forwardExplain why two substitution products are formed in the attached reaction.arrow_forward1. Which among these can make a molecule nucleophilic? a.double bondsb.positive chargec. incomplete octet 2. Which among these can make a molecule electrophilic? a.Triple bondsb.positive chargec. radicalsarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning