Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 54.4, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The comparison of species richness of birds on an island with snakes and lizards.
Introduction:
The island equilibrium model describes the immigration and extinction of species on an island. It shows the species' relation with the habitat and the equilibrium among them.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
. Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation? With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)? Ecologically explain this result.
If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition.
Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation?
Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?
WHAT IF? Mice that experience stress such as a foodshortage will sometimes abandon their young. Explainhow this behavior might have evolved in the context ofreproductive trade-offs and life history.
OBSERVATIONS
• Sea otters feed significantly on sea urchins, often keeping urchin abundance 'in check'.
• Sea urchins feed heavily on kelp, decimating kelp forests when urchin abundance is high.
• Kelp forests protect the shoreline from coastal erosion by buffering wave action.
• Orcas have been observed feeding on sea otters in the kelp forests of western Alaska.
Table 1. Hypothesizing the relationship(s) between orcas, otters, urchins, kelp, and erosion.
↑ = increasing; V = decreasing
%D
When the abundance of: or v abundance/incidence of: select ↑ or V
sea otters
个
sea urchins
decreases
sea otters
sea urchins
Choose One:
sea urchins
kelp
Choose One:
sea urchins
kelp
Choose One:
orcas
sea otters
Choose One:
orcas
sea otters
Choose One:
kelp
coastal erosion
Choose One:
kelp
coastal erosion
Choose One:
sea urchins
coastal erosion
Choose One:
sea urchins
coastal erosion
Choose One:
sea otters
coastal erosion
Choose One:
sea otters
coastal erosion
Choose One:
orcas
sea urchins
Choose One:…
Chapter 54 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 54.1 - Explain how competition, predation, and mutualism...Ch. 54.1 - According to the principle of competitive...Ch. 54.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Figure 24.14 illustrates how a...Ch. 54.2 - What two components contribute to species...Ch. 54.2 - How is a food chain different from a food web?Ch. 54.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 54.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 54.3 - Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually...Ch. 54.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.3 - WHAT IF? Most prairies experience regular fires,...
Ch. 54.4 - Describe two hypotheses that explain why species...Ch. 54.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 54.5 - What are pathogens?Ch. 54.5 - WHAT IF? Rabies, a viral disease in mammals, is...Ch. 54 - Interspecific interactions affect the survival and...Ch. 54 - Based on indexes such as Shannon diversity, is a...Ch. 54 - Is the disturbance pictured in figure 54.25 more...Ch. 54 - How have periods of glaciation influenced...Ch. 54 - Prob. 54.5CRCh. 54 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 54 - The principle of competitive exclusion states that...Ch. 54 - Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,...Ch. 54 - According to the island equilibrium model, species...Ch. 54 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 54 - The most plausible hypothesis to explain why...Ch. 54 - Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed...Ch. 54 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 54 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Explain why adaptations of...Ch. 54 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 54 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesian...Ch. 54 - Prob. 14TYU
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesianmimicry, a palatable species gains protection by mimickingan unpalatable one. Imagine that individuals of a palatable,brightly colored fly species are blown to three remote islands.The first island has no predators of that species; the second haspredators but no similarly colored, unpalatable species; and thethird has both predators and a similarly colored, unpalatablespecies. In a short essay (100–150 words), predict what mighthappen to the coloration of the palatable species on each islandthrough time if coloration is a genetically controlled trait.Explain your predictionsarrow_forwardDiscuss the pros and cons,in energetic terms,of (i) being a generalist as opposed to a specialist predator, and (ii) being a sit–and –wait predator as opposed to an active forager?arrow_forwardWhat If? Data from additional studies showed that when soapberrybug eggs from a population that fed on balloon vine fruits were then rearedon goldenrain tree fruits (or vice versa), the beak lengths of the adult insectswere most similar to those in the population from which the eggs were initiallyobtained. Interpret these results.arrow_forward
- Think about a predator-prey system that perfectly follows Lotka-Volterra dynamics. The search efficiency parameter (a) represents how quickly the predator finds and kills its prey. What would happen if most the predator population had a parasite that made them less effective predators? Infected animals find and kill prey less frequently (that is, the parasite caused the value of the search efficiency parameter to decline). the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would increase Othe populations would no longer cycle; the prey would increase and the predator would go extinct the populations would no longer cycle; the prey would go extinct and the predator would increase the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would decline the predator and prey populations would no longer cycle; the parasite and the predator populations would cycle insteadarrow_forwardAn example of niche differentiation? *both forage in trees for insects and seeds *when sympatric, chestnut-backed tends to forage in higher branches than black-capped Chestnut-backed Chickadee Black-capped Chickadee ( - Black-capped (----) Chestnut - backed O Mike Hopiak 40 80 00 120 140 HEIGHT (feet) FiG. 1. Comparison of feeding heights of Black-capped and Chestnut-backed chicka If chestnut-backed currently forage in the upper branches and black-backed currently forage in the lower branches because of niche differentiation (i.e. evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition in the past), what would you expect the fundamental and realized niche to be for these two species? The fundamental niche of chestnut-backed is [ Select ] The realized niche of chestnut-backed is [ Select ] The fundamental niche of black-backed is [ Select ] The realized niche of black-backed is [ Select ] NUMBER OF BIRDS (per cent)arrow_forwardExplain in short plz. Asap. Thanks Imagine a population of cacti living on an imaginary island called Plantopia. These cacti evolved to stop producing spines because there are no herbivores on Plantopia. Every year, a few cactus seeds are washed onto the shores of Plantopia from the mainland. There are many large herbivores on the mainland. (Tip: Try drawing the scenario to help you visualize it.) Name three mechanisms of evolutionary change ( 3 of mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, andgene flow.) that may be acting on alleles for spine production on Plantopia. For each mechanism, explain what effect it may have on spine production, and whether this change is adaptive or non-adaptive.arrow_forward
- Q5: Which of the following best defines the term native or indigenous species? A Species that are well adapted for a given area or ecosystem B Species that rely on each other for survival in an ecosystem C Species that naturally occur within a given area or ecosystem D Species that migrate to a particular area at certain times of the yeararrow_forwardWHAT IF? Suppose two bird species live in a forestand are not known to interbreed. One species feeds andmates in the treetops and the other on the ground. Butin captivity, the birds can interbreed and produce viable,fertile offspring. What type of reproductive barrier mostlikely keeps these species separate in nature? Explain.arrow_forward1 14 $ 1 R F5 Q4. If four different snake species with identical food and habitat niches colonize an island at the same time, and one is better able to detect and acquire food than the others, which of the below options will most likely happen over time? h Q5. Kangaroo rats are endemic to the deserts of the American southwest. In one region, two kangaroo rat species eat only seeds and are biologically extremely similar. The two species are found in adjacent habitats. Seeds are abundant in both habitats, but less nutritious than insects. If you were to double the amount of seeds across both habitats and add insects as potential food, which of the following outcomes would most likely result? ► 11 The species best able to detect and find food will compete with the others, causing them to occupy smaller realized niches. The species best able to detect and find food will outcompete the other snakes; it will eliminate the others via competitive exclusion. All four species will coexist…arrow_forward
- Q7. In a community with 200 species, under which conditions would Simpson's diversity index have the highest value? 10 species have very large populations, and 190 species are present but with very small populations. 100 species have about equal population sizes, and 100 species are very rare. O All 200 species have roughly equal population sizes. All three communities would have the same value for Simpson's diversity index.arrow_forwardGiven the food web below where predator preferences are indicated using strong (thick arrow) and weak (think arrow) interactions, and the competition coefficients provided, indicate which relationship between predator density and prey diversity you would expect. A Food web Predator Predator density Predator density Prey 1 Prey 2 Prey 3 Competition coefficients a12 = 0.6 a21 = 0.1 a31 = 0.1 a13 = 1.2 a23 = 1.2 az2 = 0.2 Predator density Predator density A В Previous Next 7:50 AM o search 日 29°F Clear ENG 11/4/2021 Prey diversity Prey diversity Prey diversity Prey diversityarrow_forwardWHAT IF? Suppose the digger wasp had returned to her original nest site,despite the pinecones having been moved. What alternative hypotheses mightyou propose regarding how the wasp finds her nest and why the pineconesdidn’t misdirect the wasp?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning