BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 50, Problem 4S
Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide variety of organisms, including both protostomes and deuterostomes, and now in cnidarians. In addition, parts of the signaling system have been found in a wide variety of organisms as have parts of the complement system. What does this say about the evolution of innate immunity?
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Chapter 50 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 50.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 50.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 50.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 50.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 50.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 50.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50.4 - Explain how antibody diversity is generated.Ch. 50.4 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 50.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 50.5 - Define autoimmune diseases.Ch. 50.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50.6 - Explain antigenantibody reactions in the ABO blood...Ch. 50.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50.6 - Prob. 3LOCh. 50.7 - Prob. 1LOCh. 50.7 - Prob. 2LOCh. 50 - How would a high level of HCG present in a urine...Ch. 50 - What would happen if an NK cell killed a virally...Ch. 50 - Prob. 2IQCh. 50 - Prob. 3IQCh. 50 - Prob. 4IQCh. 50 - Cells that target and kill body cells infected by...Ch. 50 - Structures on invading cells recognized by the...Ch. 50 - Which one of the following acts as the alarm...Ch. 50 - Prob. 4UCh. 50 - Receptors that trigger innate immune responses a....Ch. 50 - Diseases in which the persons immune system no...Ch. 50 - Suppose that a new disease is discovered that...Ch. 50 - You start a new job in a research lab. The lab...Ch. 50 - In comparing T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins...Ch. 50 - If you have type AB blood, which of the following...Ch. 50 - Suppose that you get a paper cut while studying....Ch. 50 - If you wanted to cure allergies by bioengineering...Ch. 50 - Why do we need to be repeatedly vaccinated for...Ch. 50 - Prob. 7ACh. 50 - Suppose you take a job in the marketing department...Ch. 50 - Prob. 2SCh. 50 - Prob. 3SCh. 50 - Toll-like receptors have been found in a wide...
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- Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular parasites? Select one: a. Antibodies coating the pathogen surface bind to FcRs on mast cells, causing release of granule contents onto surface, and damage the parasite. b. Crosslinking of antibody binding to FceRI on eosinophils cells triggers release of granules, causing smooth muscle contractions. Muscle contractions in the mucosal tracts causes sneezing, coughing, vomiting or diarrhea, dislodging the parasite. d. The parasite is killed and broken down extracellularly, and then phagocytosed by macrophages. C.arrow_forwardSponges display nonspecific immunity. In an experiment, the cells of two different sponges were mixed and placed within a petri dish. The cells from each sponge sorted and arranged themselves together according to organism. What does this characteristic demonstrate? A. Sponges have memory T-cells and share a more recent common ancestor with vertebrates than other invertebrates. B. The experiment provides evidence for the speed of evolution and the use of specific immunity within the organism. C. Sponges have an ability to recognize their own cells as a characteristic of acquired immunity. D. Sharing genetic information from cell to cell is possible by means of receptors and protein-lined pits.arrow_forwardWhat term describes microbial molecules of pathogens such as peptidoglycan and LPS that can trigger the innate immune system to respond? O 1) PAMP O 2) epitope O 3) antigen O 4) haptenarrow_forward
- The enzymes Rag1 and Rag2 cut and rearrange DNA, producing millions of specific antibodies and T-cell receptors. Immunologists thought that the genes (Rag1 and Rag2) that encode these enzymes were found only in jawed vertebrates. However, investigators have found similar genes in the purple sea urchin. What does this finding suggest about the evolution of the adaptive immune system?arrow_forwardSome primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forwardWhat distinguishes constitutive resistance from an induced response? What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? What evidence is there that acquired immunity exists in organisms other than vertebrates.arrow_forward
- 1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true for a natural killer cell? A) do not undergo rearrangement of receptor genes B) develop in the thymus c) stimulated (activated) by IFN-a and other cytokines D) lack of NK cells can lead to severe viral infections Question 6 Represents innate immune system receptors A Randomly arranged B) Germline encoded c) cross-reactive D) CLP encoded is determined by specific carbohydrate groupsarrow_forwardDescribe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation retained in vertebrates.arrow_forward
- Human immune system a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms, but not by host cells. b) A virus-infected host cell that displays a viral antigen via MHC class I molecules may become a target of cytotoxic T cells. c) Secreted MHC Class I proteins present in blood plasma can function as opsonins. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forwardWhat are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I Interferonarrow_forwardWhat kind of immune responses do insects have a) adaptive immunity only b) innate immunity only c) they have innate and adaptive immunity but the adaptive immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates d innate and adaptive immunityarrow_forward
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