Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…
A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…
Q: Which of the following is part of the second line of defense against pathogens? a. skin b. mucus…
A: The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes).…
Q: Why does the immensely powerful immune system of the body, an organ system that has evolved over…
A: Human immune virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which attacks the immune cells of the body. It affects the…
Q: Which of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20…
A: The complement system is otherwise known as complement cascade and is associated with the immune…
Q: Pathogens produce several types of proteins that can inhibit complement activation. The importance…
A: Complement activation is one of the most important ways of innate immune system, to get rid of…
Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…
A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…
Q: Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Group of answer choices -Natural killer cells are…
A: In both human and mice NK cells are known for directly inducing the death of tumor cells. They act…
Q: Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with…
A: Answer is b.) viruses.
Q: Which of the following statements best characterizes interferons?
A: Answer ; Option (A) is right. - Interferons are a nonspecific defense used to respond to viruses. -…
Q: Which of the following links the Innate immune system to the adaptive? a. Cytokines b. APC cells c.…
A: INTRODUCTION Antigen presenting cells This is atype of phagocyte. These cells shows antigens on…
Q: Which of these innate defenses would be most inhibited by antibiotic use?
A: Innate immunity is non-specific immunity. It is present since birth. Memory is absent in innate…
Q: Why are the immunities involving T cells called cell-mediated?
A: There are two types of acquired immune response namely,(a) Antibody mediated response(b) Cell…
Q: What are the causes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
A: Step 1 Immuno-deficiency diseases are diseases caused by a defect in one or more components of…
Q: Which of the following cytokines is the primary growth factor from T cells? Multiple Choice…
A: Cytokines are a general group of flagging proteins that are delivered fleetingly, after cell…
Q: The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some…
A: The process of the complement system circulate in an inactive form, but in response to the…
Q: Why would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?
A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…
Q: What is the function of mucus in preventing infections? Group of answer choices To stimulate the…
A: Mucus is a aqueous layer that is secreted by the mucous membranes.
Q: n addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following…
A: NET:_ Neutrophil Extracellular Traps These are concerned with extracellular pathogen killing with…
Q: What are the roles of the innate immune system? Select all that apply. A. identity self vs.…
A: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can cause humans to become ill or die depending on the…
Q: Which of the following proteins downregulates the classical complement cascade by breaking up the C3…
A: The classical complement (CMP) pathway is considered as the method, which helps in the activation of…
Q: Which two types of immune cells can viruses avoid if they present “fake” MHC class I molecules when…
A: The immune system is defined as a complex network or system of cells and proteins that will defend…
Q: Which cytokines will act on mast cells to cause degranulation and local inflammation? a. TNF-alpha…
A: Cytokines are an enormous group of peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins that are released by…
Q: What is the role of histamine in inflammatory response? Name few drugs which reduce the symptoms of…
A: Allergy is referred to as the hypersensitiveness of a person to some foreign substance when coming…
Q: What are 3 functions of the classical complement pathway
A: Answer: Introduction: The complement system, (Complement= protein) also called as complement…
Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…
A: The immune system uses antibodies, often referred to as immunoglobulins, to recognize and destroy…
Q: The circulating cytokines that recruit large numbers of phagocytes to the area of inflammation,…
A: Phagocytes are cells that are capable of engulfing foreign antigens such as microbes, toxins, and…
Q: Which compound is most likely responsible for initiating the inflammation response that results from…
A: An autoimmune disease's symptoms vary depending on whatever region of your body is afflicted. The…
Q: Which of the following are true of interferons? Select all that apply. O They are a critical part of…
A: In the inflammatory response to infections, interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by a number of…
Q: What is the term that describes how pathogens alter their surface antigens to prevent antibody…
A: one of the ways infectious agents or pathogens invade the immune system of human body is by altering…
Q: Which of the following is a type of cytokine? a. mast cell b. lysozyme C c. chemokine O d.…
A: Cytokines are the chemicals produced by the immune cells to protect the non- infected cells.
Q: What physical barrier and non-specific defenses help to prevent infection? How is a "non- specific"…
A: Hello, thank you for your questions. According to our policy, I am answering the first question. If…
Q: An antibody binding to an antigen within the body can have which of the following outcomes that…
A: The term 'Antibody' defines certain proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and act against…
Q: Which of the following is not an example of innate immunity? Histamine release by mast cells…
A: Innate immunity can be described as the non specific immunity or the defense mechanism with which…
Q: The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from invasion by foreign organisms.…
A: A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight…
Q: Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the…
A: Opsonization refers to the process of recognition and targeting of foreign pathogens for their…
Q: Describe the antiviral functions of type I interferon.
A: Type I interferons are a subgroup of interferon proteins which aids in regulating the activities of…
Q: What is the difference between nonspecific host defenses and immuneresponses?
A: The immune system is one of the defined organ systems of the body that serves the function of…
Q: Which of the following is more effective against bacteria than viruses? Type 1 Interferon Type 2…
A: Immunity is a complicated biological system with the ability to recognise and accept what belongs to…
Q: What are MHC class I and class II receptors and how do they recognize foreignness? This is an…
A: MHC (Major Histocompatibility complex) is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein which are presented…
Q: Although the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen,…
A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause harm…
Q: The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent. In…
A: The immune system of a human being is concerned with the immune response towards the foreign…
Q: The dead outer surface of skin (not mucous membranes) uses which of the following innate defenses to…
A: Skin Barrier One of the most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of 3…
Q: Adaptive immunity includes which of the following processes? Question 2 options: A)…
A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…
Q: Which leukocyte is responsible for managing the duration of an inflammatory response and triggering…
A: The inflammatory response is the cornerstone of the body's defense against virus, bacteria, toxins…
Q: How could immunoglobulin cross-reactivity between foreign antigens and host cell antigens result in…
A: Introduction Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced naturally by the immune system of the body that…
Q: What is the term for a cluster of connected antigens, complement molecules, and antibodies in…
A:
Q: Interferon aims to protect cells against which of the following? O 1) Intracellular bacteria O 2)…
A: Animal cells produce certain specialized signaling proteins that function against pathogens entering…
What are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections:
1) TNF
2) IL-12
3) Type I Interferon
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- 1. During an HIV infection, a doctor would expect which of these cytokines to be most elevated? A) TGF-B B) IL-8 C) IFNY D) IL-1The circulating cytokines that recruit large numbers of phagocytes to the area of inflammation, resulting in pus, are called: O1) pyogens O 2) pyrogens 3) interferons O 4) defensinsUse the following choices for the next set of questions. A choice may be used zero or more times: a)MHC class I b) MHC class Il C) both MHC class I and II d) neither MHC class | or II e) cannot be determined 21) expressed on T cells 22) captures antigens present in endosomes 23) strongly affected by proteasomal inhibition 24) downregulated by many viruses 25) the genes responsible for expression are monomorphic, meaning that identical alleles are shared throughout the population
- A 39-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Treatment with multiple medications, including prednisone and methotrexate, has not been effective at slowing the progress of her condition. The most appropriate next step in pharmacotherapy is a drug that blocks the effects of which of the following cytokines? Entaracept : Fusion protein- decoy receptor A) Interferon gamma B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) C) IL-4 D) IL-10 E) Tumor necrosis factor-a found1. What phagocytic cells utilize in their membrane to identify phagocytic objects? A) Opsonin receptors B) Fc receptors C) Toll-like receptors D) All of the above E) None of the above. 2. Which is NOT a measure for fighting against viral infections? A). TNF-α B). IFN-Y C). IL-1 D). IL-4 E). All of the above promote anti-viral reactions. 3. Which could be the chain formula for IgA in the mucosa? Α). απλη Β). (μ2λ2)s C). αμκ2 D). μ2K2 E). (α2K2)2Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complement
- Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. ( select all the correct answers) Group of answer choices a) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. b) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell c) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. d) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. e) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.
- Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. a) Group of answer choices b) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. c) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell d) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. e) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. f) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acids