Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4.L2, Problem 8CT
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Biofilm is formed by close associations among several groups of microbes as well as plants and animals. They are formed on moist surfaces with a thin layer of organic compounds, like, polysaccharides or glycoproteins deposited over it.
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You partner stained bacterial cells and saw only the background and not the actual cell was stained. Your partner thought this was a mistake. Please explain what type of staining method this is, how it works and why the background and cell is not stained.
Microbiologists use the Gram stain to differentiate among two groups of bacteria. How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ?
Question 1 options:
the presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
the presence or absence of muramic acid in the cell wall
the presence or absence of outer plasma membrane
the lipid composition of plasma membrane
none of the above.
Imagine a cell that truly has a Gram-positive style of cell wall. Which of the following staining errors would cause the cell to give a Gram-negative reaction? Assume that only 1 error is made at a time, but more than 1 type of error MAY be able interfere with the Gram stain.
Mark all that are correct.
1. Forgetting to apply the crystal violet
2. Forgetting to apply the iodine
3. Forgetting to apply the alcohol
4. Leaving the alcohol on for 60 seconds (too long)
5. Forgetting to apply the safranin
Chapter 4 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 4.1 - Describe the fundamental characteristics of cells.Ch. 4.1 - Identify the primary properties that define life...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 4.1 - Name several general characteristics that could be...Ch. 4.2 - Describe the generalized anatomy of bacterial...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4ELOCh. 4.2 - Describe the structure and position of bacterial...Ch. 4.2 - Explain how flagella influence motility and motile...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 7ELOCh. 4.2 - Define glycocalyx, and describe its different...
Ch. 4.2 - What other microbial groups besides bacteria have...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 4.2 - How does the flagellum dictate the behavior of a...Ch. 4.2 - Differentiate between the structure and functions...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 7CYPCh. 4.2 - Prob. 8CYPCh. 4.2 - Prob. 9CYPCh. 4.2 - Explain how the bacterial glycocalyx and certain...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 9ELOCh. 4.3 - Outline the structure and functions of cell walls,...Ch. 4.3 - Contrast the major structure of gram-positive and...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 12ELOCh. 4.3 - Relate the characteristics of other types of cell...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 4.3 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 12CYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 13CYPCh. 4.3 - How does the precise structure of the cell walls...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 15CYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 4.3 - Describe the medical impact of the cell walls of...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 18CYPCh. 4.3 - Prob. 19CYPCh. 4.4 - Prob. 15ELOCh. 4.4 - Prob. 16ELOCh. 4.4 - Characterize the bacterial ribosomes and...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 4.4 - Prob. 19ELOCh. 4.4 - Discuss the resistance and significance of...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 4.4 - What is unique about the structure of bacterial...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 22CYPCh. 4.4 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 4.4 - Describe the way endospores are formed, their...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 25CYPCh. 4.4 - Why are spores so difficult to destroy?Ch. 4.5 - Describe the shapes of bacteria and their possible...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 22ELOCh. 4.5 - Outline the size ranges among bacteria and in...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 4.5 - Prob. 28CYPCh. 4.5 - What are vibrios and coccobacilli?Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 30CYPCh. 4.5 - Prob. 31CYPCh. 4.5 - Prob. 32CYPCh. 4.6 - Prob. 24ELOCh. 4.6 - Prob. 25ELOCh. 4.6 - Outline a basic system of bacterial taxonomy.Ch. 4.6 - Explain the species and subspecies levels for...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 33CYPCh. 4.6 - Prob. 34CYPCh. 4.6 - Prob. 35CYPCh. 4.7 - Differentiate various groups of photosynthetic...Ch. 4.7 - Characterize the types of obligate intracellular...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 30ELOCh. 4.7 - Prob. 31ELOCh. 4.7 - Prob. 32ELOCh. 4.7 - Prob. 36CYPCh. 4.7 - Name two main groups of obligate intracellular...Ch. 4.7 - Explain the characteristics of archaea that...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 39CYPCh. 4.7 - Describe the three major archaeal lifestyles and...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 1MCQCh. 4.L1 - Viruses are not considered living things because...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 4.L1 - Pili are appendages in _________ bacteria that...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 4.L1 - Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell...Ch. 4.L1 - Which of the following is present in both...Ch. 4.L1 - Metachromatic granules are concentrated ________...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 14MCQCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 15MCQCh. 4.L1 - To which taxonomic group do cyanobacteria belong?...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 17MCQCh. 4.L1 - The first living cells on earth would most likely...Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 4.L1 - What is a biofilm, and how did it form on the...Ch. 4.L1 - Label the parts on the bacterial cell featured...Ch. 4.L1 - Discuss the collection of properties that are used...Ch. 4.L1 - Describe the basic process of biofilm formation.Ch. 4.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 4.L1 - Prob. 5WCCh. 4.L2 - Using clay, demonstrate how cocci can divide in...Ch. 4.L2 - Prob. 2CTCh. 4.L2 - Prob. 3CTCh. 4.L2 - Prob. 4CTCh. 4.L2 - a. Name a bacterial group that uses chlorophyll to...Ch. 4.L2 - Propose a hypothesis to explain how bacteria and...Ch. 4.L2 - Prob. 7CTCh. 4.L2 - Prob. 8CTCh. 4.L2 - Describe the shapes and arrangements of bacteria...Ch. 4.L2 - Prob. 1VCCh. 4.L2 - What kinds of cells are shown here? Explain what...
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- Describe the cells seen in this methylene blue stain with what you know about bacterial cells. Make sure you are using specific terminology.arrow_forwardYou use gram staining procedure to stain a bacterium that lacks a cell wall. What color will the bacterium be after staining procedure is finished?arrow_forwardAn acid-fast stain can be used to detect protective coverings found in using light microscopy. organisms incorporating mycolic acid in the cell wall organisms forming endospores organisms with capsules organisms with Gram-negative cell wallsarrow_forward
- Examine the image below. The bacteria in this image have been treated with gram straining procedure. Indicate the following information: A. Shape....... gram stain( +) , Gram (-) or both B. Stained color under microscope C. PG Wall thick, thin or botharrow_forwardBelow is an image of bacterial cells. 1. What shape of bacterial cells is portrayed? 2. Are there any bacterial arrangements visible? If so, which one(s)?arrow_forwardWhich microscope is most useful for visualizing a biofilm? O fluorescence microscope O phase-contrast microscope compound light microscope transmission electron microscope confocal microscopearrow_forward
- It is called a "Negative Stain" because the stain has a negative charge, and is therefore: repelled by the bacterial surface attracted by the bacterial surface able to penetrate the bacterial surfacearrow_forwardExplain how magnification improves resolution of a microscopic image. Explain what can be learned from different kinds of microscopy. Explain the use of a bright-field microscope. Describe how to observe an object in focus by using a compound microscope. Explain how a stain reveals additional information about a microscopic object. Describe how the Gram stain distinguishes two classes of bacteria.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? Describe how we use this to our advantage in the gram staining process. Hint: Gram positive versus Gram negative!!!arrow_forward
- What is [are] good reason[s] for plating a mixture of bacteria so as to form colonies? Select all that apply. Group of answer choices Count the number of dead and live bacteria in the mixture Count the number of bacteria in the mixture that can grow on the plate Get lots of copies of all the cells in the mixturearrow_forwardWhen performing a Gram stain on a Gram-negative bacteria, why does the bacteria stain pink? Crystal violet stain binds to iodine and remains in the bacterial cell wall because of the thick peptidoglycan layer. Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink. The alcohol wash removes crystal violet and iodine from the bacteria. Crystal violet stain binds to iodine and remains in the bacteria cell wall because of the thick peptidoglycan layer AND Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink. Safranin counterstain gets in the bacteria’s cell wall to stain the cell pink AND The alcohol wash removes crystal violet and iodine from the bacteria.arrow_forwardYou accidentally switch the Crystal violet and Safranin steps during your Gram stain. When you look under the microscope, what color will a Gram positive bacteria, like Staphylococcus aureus, be? Red/Pink Purple colorlessarrow_forward
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