Concept explainers
To determine: The main actions of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
Introduction: The kidney is an important organ of the excretory system, and nephron is the basic structural unit of kidney. The main function of nephron is ultrafiltration. It removes waste products, ions, and excess water from the blood, and returns the required molecules back to the blood. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) refers to the rate of flow of filtered fluid through the kidney.
To compare: The main actions of this pathway with the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Introduction: Blood pressure is the force that moves the blood through the circulatory system. Angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide are hormones that participate in regulating the blood pressure.
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- Renin is secreted in response to hypovolemia or to an increase in the osmolality of the blood. Provide three possible mechanisms by which these conditions may stimulate rennin secretion. What are the consequences of increased rennin secretion that lead to increased aldosterone secretion? Present this sequence of events. Why are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) used as a common therapy for hypertension? How do they influence blood pressure? Are plasma levels of renin elevated or depressed in a patient with Conn’s disease? Why?arrow_forwardDescribe in detail the renin-angiotensinogen pathwayarrow_forwardDescribe how ANP is regulated and how it opposes the action of the other three hormones (angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone).arrow_forward
- Describe at least two mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume and, therefore, increase blood pressure.arrow_forwardDescribe the Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin I-Angiotensin II Mechanism?arrow_forwardGive the steps in the renin angiotensin pathway from start to finish.arrow_forward
- Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.arrow_forwardThe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be inhibited in orderto reduce high blood pressure. Usually, the angiotensin-convertingenzyme, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, is inhibitedby drug therapy. Why would this enzyme be an effective point todisrupt the system?arrow_forwardInsulin and aldosterone play an essential role in the regulation of potassium distribution between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Discuss the effect of a deficiency in these two hormones on internal potassium distributionarrow_forward
- A patient has essential hypertension, and with a healthy lifestyle and medication, he is able to maintain normal blood pressure on a single antihypertensive medication. The medication he takes is called an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or ACE inhibitor, which blocks the activation of angiotensin II. Describe at least two mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume and, therefore, increase blood pressure.arrow_forwardSpironolactone is a widely prescribed diuretic ("water pill" - make you pee) which works by acting as an antagonist to aldosterone thus blocking its actions. Knowing this, how does spironolactone work as an antihypertensive (lower BP) and as a "potassium-sparing" diuretic?arrow_forwarddescribe the endocrine system of angiotensinogen > angiotensin 1 > angiotensin 2arrow_forward
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