Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 45.2, Problem 2CS
Summary Introduction
To sketch: A model representing the neuromuscular junction during exposure to pesticide and predict the effect of pesticide on Na+ channels and muscle function.
Introduction: Muscle contractions are stimulated by the nervous stimuli. The nervous stimuli are in the form of electrical impulse that is transmitted at the neuromuscular junction.
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can we modulate motor function to treat human disease?
Work 6. Comparison of physiological properties of different types of muscles.
TABLE 4.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES
RESTING POTENTIAL (LEVEL, IN MV)
DURATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL
CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS
DURATION OF THE CYCLE
CONTRACTION-RELAXATION
AYTOMATICITY
NTERCELLULAR CONTACTS
SENSITIVITY TO BIOLOGICALLY
ACTIVE SUBSTANCES
II. Real life problem. You are a trainer and are called on to the field where a player is down with a severe cramp of his right hamstring (biceps femoris) muscle. You know that cramps are caused by over-active motor nerve activity to the muscle. Your associates want to stretch the cramping hamstring, but you say, “No! I want the player to concentrate on contracting his right quadriceps muscles before we stretch.”
Why might stretching a cramping muscle INCREASE the cramping?
Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 45.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 45.2 - Prob. 1CSCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2CSCh. 45.3 - What is the normal function of the PPAR- protein...Ch. 45.3 - CoreSKILL What was the hypothesis proposed by...Ch. 45.3 - CoreSKILL Assume that the mean weight of both...Ch. 45 - Prob. 1TYCh. 45 - Prob. 2TYCh. 45 - Prob. 3TY
Ch. 45 - Prob. 4TYCh. 45 - The function of ATP during muscle contraction is...Ch. 45 - The function of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle...Ch. 45 - Stimulation of a muscle fiber by a motor neuron...Ch. 45 - Muscle fibers that have a large number of...Ch. 45 - Which of the following statements about movement...Ch. 45 - Prob. 10TYCh. 45 - Compare the structural and functional features of...Ch. 45 - Describe as many types of animal locomotion as you...Ch. 45 - Prob. 3CQCh. 45 - List and briefly describe the steps in the...Ch. 45 - Discuss the three types of muscle tissues found in...
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- Move Making Connections, Student Laboratory Packet, page 5 A2. How Does Fatigue Affect Muscle Performance? A condition known as muscle fatigue occurs when certain waste products of muscle cell activity build up in the cells. Until these waste chemicals are removed, the fatigue will continue. Do the Following Activity Hold a spring-type clothespin between your thumb and index finger. Pinch the ends together completely (until the two ends touch) and release them. Do this as rapidly as possible for one minute. Record the number of times you could squeeze the clothespin in one minute: Try the activity again, doing it the same way and using the same two fingers as before. Record the number of times you could squeeze the clothespin the second time: Answer the Following Questions Some people are able to squeeze the clothespin more times in a minute than others. Suggest a possible explanation for this. Could you do as many in a minute the second time as you could do the first time? Provide a…arrow_forwardVII. Real life problem. You are a trainer and are called on to the field where a player is down with a severe cramp of his right hamstring (biceps femoris) muscle. You know that cramps are caused by over-active motor nerve activity to the muscle. Your associates want to stretch the cramping hamstring, but you say, “No! I want the player to concentrate on contracting his right quadriceps muscles before we stretch.” 2. Why would contracting the opposing muscle rapidly improve the situation?arrow_forwardVhat are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us about muscle contraction? What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcomeres in the model (be specific). Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved. . Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function? Next « Previous MacBook Proarrow_forward
- ercise 22 Review & Practice Sheet: Muscle Physiology Neurotransmitter: Submit Request Answer Part B Match each term listed with the correct description. Reset Help Wave summation Fusion of twitches: Twitch Time prior to tension: Depolarization Response to a single stimulus: Recruitment Latent period Shift in transmembrane potential toward 0 mV: Incomplete tetanus Activating more motor units: Contraction with rapid relaxation cycles: Submit Request Answerarrow_forwardHuman Anatomy & Physiology I (BIO168) Sequence of Events for Muscle Contraction Practice Worksheet See if you can place the events that occur during muscle contraction and relaxation in their proper order. Insert numbers in the paces provided to order the events in the proper sequence. _____ A. An electrical impulse travels over the sarcolemma and inward along the T-tubules, causing sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium. ____ B. The release of ACh stops and acetylcholinesterase breaks down any remaining ACh. _____ C. Troponin and tropomyosin prevent the myosin heads from grasping the thin filament, and the muscle fiber relaxes. _____ D. An electrical impulse causes small vesicles at the end of a motor neuron to release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). _____ E. Calcium binds with the troponin on the actin filament, exposing attachment points. _____ F. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where it stimulates receptors in the…arrow_forwardWork 2. Scheme of the nerve cell structure. Indicate the structural components of Indicate the functional areas of the neuron the neuron: 1. dendrites, a. the synaptic input area, 2. the body (pericarion), b. area of synthesis of substances, including mediator, 3. axon hillock, c. the place where the action potential is generated, 4. axon, 5. axon branches, d. the action potential propagation section, 6. axon terminal e. the mediator transport site, f. area of synaptic contacts with other cells.arrow_forward
- In your conclusions discuss what else EMG analysis could be used for in rehabilitation as well ashow the concepts of fatigue and myoelectric thresholds should be incorporated into FES system design.arrow_forwardNe ansmitter I. Sequencing Arrange the events that occur during synaptic transmission. Use letters A-F to denote the correct sequence. Use the diagram on the right as a clue. SENDING NEURON Example: vessces Synepte B1. lon channel opens SYNGPSE 1. lon channel opens 2. Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic SYNAPTac CLEFT cleft RECEMNG NEURCN4 3. Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane Jon chen nels Neurotren s mitter F eptor Neurotrensmitter broken down znd setacsed 4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor Bons 5. Action potential arrives burnu 6. lon channel closesarrow_forwardWe move a lot and do not even realize how intricate these movements may be from gross motor to fine motor manipulations. Briefly explain the steps involved in a single muscle contraction beginning at the neuromuscular junction through one complete contraction and relaxation for the sliding filament theory. Don’t forget to include all the major proteins (actin, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin) involved as well as calcium and ATP.arrow_forward
- Select all that are true of motor pathways. They are composed of at least two neurons. Somas of upper motor neurons are housed within the spinal cord. Lower motor neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory. Axons of lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells. ©2017 McGrarrow_forwardMuscle physiology: You are in the gym and doing strength training. You feel in good shape and should try to break personal records in squats. You place the bar on your back and start to take in, ie. your motor neurons begin to send action potentials through all your motor units to the thigh muscles. Task 1: Describe how these action potentials lead to your muscles contracting. The description must follow the correct sequence order and you must explain what happens and why. Task 2: What is the contraction called when you a) bend down and b) are in good shape and can generate more force than what the bar weighs c) stay standing in a and the same position without being able to push yourself up while standing?arrow_forwardPractice 56 Which statement is true? The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by the adaptation of the action potentials. The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by the amplitude of the action potentials. The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by the duration of the action potentials. The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by the frequency of the action potentials.arrow_forward
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