Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 44.3, Problem 2CC
Where and how does filtrate originate in the vertebrate kidney, and by what two routes do the components of the filtrate exit the kidney?
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The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations.
For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion
Explain how you determined this.
The process of hydrogen ion secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule occurs via which of the following mechanisms?
Choose from the following:
(A) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule, through extracellular fluid and into the peritubular blood
(B) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from peritubular capillary blood; undergoes a chemical reaction to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ion diffuses into the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule
(C) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the peritubular capillary blood, through extracellular fluid and into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule
(D) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from the glomerular filtrate; undergoes a chemical reacdtion to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ions diffuse into the peritubular blood
Na+ ions are actively transported out of the tubules to help set up the countercurrent multiplier. Which of the following are sites of active Na+ ion transport in the nephron?
Chapter 44 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 44.1 - The movement of salt from the surrounding water to...Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.1 - WHAT IF? Researchers found that a camel in the...Ch. 44.2 - What advantage does uric acid offer as a...Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 44.3 - Where and how does filtrate originate in the...Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.4 - What do the number and length of nephrons in a...Ch. 44.4 - Many medications make the epithelium of the...
Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.5 - How does alcohol affect regulation of water...Ch. 44.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44 - Prob. 44.1CRCh. 44 - DRAW IT Construct a table summarizing the three...Ch. 44 - Prob. 44.3CRCh. 44 - Prob. 44.4CRCh. 44 - Why can only some patients with diabetes insipidus...Ch. 44 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 44 - In which of the following species should natural...Ch. 44 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 44 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY You are exploring kidney...Ch. 44 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 44 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The marine iguana...
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- Draw a schematic diagram showing the flow of water and salts in the proximal tubule of the kidney. In this diagram, put the lumen on the left side of the diagram and the extracellular fluids on the right side of the diagram. Indicate where the lumen is, where the extracellular fluid is, where the apical portion of the cell is, and show the location of the proteins that are responsible for the movement of water and salts and glucose reabsorption in this area of the kidneyarrow_forwardWhat is an example of a diagram that explains the core concept of flow down gradients in the urinary system/kidneys?arrow_forwardAldosterone affects sodium balance by impacting sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. If MAP and/or GFR falls, how will this system function? Increased levels of aldosterone add epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) to the luminal membrane of the collecting duct. Increased levels of aldosterone remove epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the luminal membrane of the collecting duct. Decreased levels of aldosterone allow increased expression of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the collecting duct. O Decreased levels of aldosterone decrease expression of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the collecting duct.arrow_forward
- The excretory systems of annelids and mollusks include structures called nephridia, while the excretory systems of insects and spiders include Malpighian tubules. Which is a significant difference between nephridia and Malpighian tubules?arrow_forwardHow does the secretion of ADH affect urine volume and urine concentration? What factors increase the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? How would you alter the secretion of aldosterone and ADH to reabsorb more sodium without reabsorbing large quantities of water from the filtrate?arrow_forwardExplain the role of the nephron loop, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent mechanism in the concentration of urine?arrow_forward
- Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are often employed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) or other disease states. Three physiological categories of such drugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibit the action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories would be expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow.arrow_forwardIf urine/filtrate is hyperosmotic to the interstitial fluid, fluid would go from the interstitial fluid to the urine/filtrate. How does this conserve water? Wouldn’t this NOT conserve water but rather increase the amount of water that is excreted via urine?arrow_forwardAlthough the kidneys are probably best known as filtration organs, tubular reabsorption (the second step of urine formation in a nephron) actually reclaims molecules that have already been filtered from the blood. Describe the tubular reabsorption process, including the structures and molecules involved, and explain why these molecules need to be reabsorbed. please helparrow_forward
- is the human kidney a model for all mammalian kidneys?arrow_forwardWhich of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla? (a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from various regions of Bowmans capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting ductarrow_forwardWhy is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?arrow_forward
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