Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780393912340
Author: Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Natalie Foster
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Which of the following bonds are polar: (a) P—O; (b) S—F; (c) Br—Br; (d) O—Cl? Which is the more electronegative atom in each polar bond?
Write the Lewis symbol for atoms of each of the following elements:(a) Al, (b) Br, (c) Ar, (d) Sr.
Keeping in mind that some elements violate the octet rule, draw a Lewis structure for each compound: (a) BeH 2; (b) PCl 5.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
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- Using the bond dissociation enthalpies in Table 8.8, estimate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane, CH4, to give water vapor and carbon dioxide gas.arrow_forwardNitrosyl azide, N4O, is a pale yellow solid first synthesized in 1993. Write the Lewis structure for nitrosyl azide.arrow_forwardWrite Lewis dot symbols for (a) Ca2+, (b) N3−, and (c) I −.arrow_forward
- (a) Describe the molecule xenon trioxide, XeO3, using four possible Lewis structures, one each with zero, one, two, or three Xe—O double bonds. (b) Do any of these resonance structures satisfy the octet rule for every atom in the molecule? (c) Do any of the four Lewis structures have multiple resonance structures? If so, how many resonance structures do you find? (d) Which of the Lewis structures in (a) yields the most favorable formal charges for the molecule?arrow_forwardFor each of the following covalent bonds: (a) use the symbols δ+ and δ- to indicate the direction of polarity (if any).(a) C-F; (b) N-Br; (c) B-C; (d) Si-H(b) Rank the following covalent bonds in order of increasing polarity. (i) C-H, O-H, N-H; (ii) C-N, C-O, B-O; (iii) C-P, C-S, C-Narrow_forwardWrite Lewis structures for the following: (c) C2F6 (contains a C¬C bond), (d) AsO3 3 -, (e) H2SO3 (H is bonded to O), (f) NH2Cl.. Arrange the bonds in each of the following sets in order of increasing polarity: (a) C¬F, O¬F, Be¬F; (b) O¬Cl, S¬Br, C¬P; (c) C¬S, B¬F, N¬O. What is the Lewis symbol for each of the following atoms or ions? (a) K, (b) As, (c) Sn2 + , (d) N3 Write electron configurations for the following ions and determine which have noble-gas configurations: (a) Cd2+, (b) P3-, (c) Zr4+arrow_forward
- Use electronegativity values to classify each bond as nonpolar, polar covalent, or ionic: (a) Cl 2; (b) HCl; (c) NaCl.arrow_forwardCalculate the enthalpy change for the following reactions using the bond enthalpy given below. (Bond enthalpy/kJ : H−H = 436, C−H = 413, C=O = 799, O=O = 495, O−H = 463) (a) H2(g) + 1⁄2O2(g) → H2O(g) (b) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure for (a) NO+ ion, (b) C2H4.arrow_forward
- Like several other bonds, carbon-oxygen bonds havelengths and strengths that depend on the bond order. Draw Lewis structures for the following species, and arrange them in order of increasing carbon-oxygen bond length and then by increasing carbon-oxygen bond strength: (a) CO; (b) CO₃²⁻; (c) H₂CO;(d) CH₄O; (e) HCO₃(H attached to O).arrow_forwardKeeping in mind that some elements violate the octet rule, draw a Lewis structure for each compound: (a) BCl 3; (b) SO 3.arrow_forward8D.4. Benzene, a common solvent, is a covalent molecular compound which contains only carbon and hydrogen. Its simplest (empirical) formula is CH, and its molecular weight is 78 g/mol to 2 significant digits. What is its molecular formula? 8D.5. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of (a) phosphorus pentafluoride. What is the formal charge on all atoms? (b) the perchlorate ion- in this case expand the octet for the chlorine atom in order to optimize the formal charges.arrow_forward
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