Manufacturing Engineering & Technology
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780133128741
Author: Serope Kalpakjian, Steven Schmid
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Question
Chapter 4, Problem 3RQ
To determine
What are the conditions for obtaining (a) substitutional and (b) interstitial solid solutions?
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Compared to substitutional atoms, small amounts of interstitials produce much larger change in hardening. State at least two reasons and draw Figures with the explanation?
Q1/ In a homogeneous solidification process, assume molten metal solidifies into a spherical
nucleus with a BCC structure. The given data are; lattice parameter (0.292 nm), the heat of
fusion energy (1.85×10-9 J/m³), latent surface free energy (0.204 J/m²), critical radius (1-35
nm), equilibrium melting temperature (1516 K), and room temperature (27 °C). Calculate the
following for this metal;
(a) supercooling value temperature (b) activation tree energy (c) number of atoms in a
nucleus of critical size.
Using the TTT diagram, what microstructure would be
developed by rapidly cooling to 650°C and holding for
50 seconds, followed by rapid cooling to 500°C and
holding for 5 seconds, followed by quenching to room
temperature? (give relative percentages of each
microstructure component)
Using the TTT diagram, describe the entire thermal
treatment that would generate a microstructure
consisting of 50% bainite, and 50% martensite.
On the CCT diagram to the right, what microstructure
would be developed by following cooling curve (c), then
heating to 700°C for at least a day?
Temperature l"C)
Chapter 4 Solutions
Manufacturing Engineering & Technology
Ch. 4 - Describe the difference between a solute and a...Ch. 4 - What is a solid solution?Ch. 4 - Prob. 3RQCh. 4 - Describe the difference between a single-phase and...Ch. 4 - What is an induction heater? What kind of part...Ch. 4 - Describe the major features of a phase diagram.Ch. 4 - What do the terms equilibrium and constitutional,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8RQCh. 4 - What is tempering? Why is it performed?Ch. 4 - Explain what is meant by severity of quenching.
Ch. 4 - What are precipitates? Why are they significant in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12RQCh. 4 - Prob. 13RQCh. 4 - Prob. 14RQCh. 4 - Prob. 15RQCh. 4 - You may have seen some technical literature on...Ch. 4 - Prob. 17QLPCh. 4 - What is the difference between hardness and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 20QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 21QLPCh. 4 - Describe the characteristics of (a) an alloy, (b)...Ch. 4 - Explain why carbon, among all elements, is so...Ch. 4 - Prob. 24QLPCh. 4 - In Section 4.8.2, several fluids are listed in...Ch. 4 - Why is it important to know the characteristics of...Ch. 4 - Explain why, in the abscissa of Fig. 4.16c, the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 28QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 29QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 30QLPCh. 4 - Design a heat-treating cycle for carbon steel,...Ch. 4 - Using Fig. 4.4, estimate the following quantities...Ch. 4 - Prob. 33QTPCh. 4 - Prob. 34QTPCh. 4 - Prob. 35SDPCh. 4 - Figure 4.18b shows hardness distributions in...Ch. 4 - Throughout this chapter, you have seen specific...Ch. 4 - Refer to Fig. 4.24, and think of a variety of...Ch. 4 - Inspect various parts in your car or home, and...
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Similar questions
- What are some possible defects in drawn sheet-metal parts? In blanking of a circular sheet-metal part, is the clearance applied to the punch diameter or the die diameter? What is martensite? Based on the TTT curve, what is it that should be avoided during martensitic process? What is the main condition for strengthening an alloy by precipitation?arrow_forwardQuestion-6. For solidification of a piece of FCC-metal at 860 °C. The melting point of the metal is 1260 °C. The latent heat of fusion and surface free energy are -2.16 x108 J/m³ and 0.126 J/m², respectively. If nucleation is homogeneous, answer the following questions: (a) Compute the critical radius r* in nm (b) Compute the activation free energy AG* in J (c) If the lattice parameter is 0.26 nm at the melting temperature, compute the number of atoms found in a nucleus of critical size (d) Compute the critical radius at the supercooling degree of 260 K.arrow_forwardBorosilicate glass bottles are processed into bottles using press and blow method shown in Figure 6(a). By referring to Figure 6(b), i. State the suitable temperature range for making glass bottles and justify the answer. ii. Discuss the process to relieve thermal stresses the glass bottles using Figure 6(b). ii. Briefly discuss the consequence if the process in (ii) is not performed on the glass bottles. iv. State THREE (3) reasons why glass would be the best material for the glass bottles? Temperature ("F) 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 Borosilicate glass 96% silica Fused gass 104 silica 1014 Strain point Annealing point Softening point 10 Working range 10 10 Working point 10 10 Melting point Soda-lime la 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1B00 Temoerature ("C) (a) (b) Figure 6. (a) Press and blow method and (b) temperature dependence of viscosity for various types of glasses (e AsooAarrow_forward
- Excellent combinations of hardness, streneth, and toughness are obtained from bainite. One heat treater austenitized a eutectoid steel at 750°C, quenched and haid the steal at 250°C for 15 min, and finaly permitted the staal to cool to room temperature. Did he produce the required bainitic structure? Use the diegram below in your answer Answer: Tie ReckvellChndrearrow_forwardSuppose you are asked to manufacture a critical component based on a nickel-based super-alloy. The component must not contain any porosity and it must be chemically homogeneous. What manufacturing process would you use for this application? Why?arrow_forwardUse the following TTT Diagram for the following questions: 800 A 1400 -Eutectoid temperature 700 1200 600 1000 500 800 400 600 300 Mistart) 200 50% 400 M+A M(50%) M(90%) 100 200 10-1 10 102 103 10 105 Time (s) Temperature ("C) Termperature (°F)arrow_forward
- Can you explain the kinetics of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth? (Draw three plots showing the kinetics of each prosess and explain the plot)arrow_forward1 You want to produce a Brass plate that is 0.25" thick with a yield stress 50 ksi which corresponds to 37.5% cold work. The initial plate thickness is 1.0". The maximum cold work per step is 60%. What are the cold work and annealing steps that are necessary to achieve the desired result?arrow_forwardHow much time (in seconds) is required for austenite to transform to 50% bainite at 300°C?arrow_forward
- Q3 contd. (d) The yield strength values of pure aluminium (Al) and pure copper (Cu) are 25 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively; whereas the yield strength values of cold rolled Al-Mn-Mg alloy and cast 60-40 Brass (60% Cu, 40% Zn) are 200 MPa and 105 MPa, respectively. With aid of schematics, explain the main mechanisms account for the increases in the strengths. (e) A cylindrical tie rod with a diameter of 18.4 mm is subjected to cyclic loading. The stress range is +/- 200 kN. Figure Q3.3 shows the S-N curve of the material of which the rod is made, how many cycles will this rod survive? Stress amplitude O₂ (MPa) 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 10² 10³ 104 4340 low-alloy steel Stress ratio = -1 Fig. Q3.3 105 106 Number of cycles to failure, Nf 107 108arrow_forwardWhat is the right solution for this?arrow_forwardThe basics of strain hardening should be explained. Is this method still effective at high temperatures? explainarrow_forward
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