Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4, Problem 14RQ
Explain how animals can generate ATP without oxygen. Given that anaerobic glycolysis is much less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation, why has anaerobic glycolysis not been discarded during animal evolution?
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Explain how animals can generate ATP without oxygen. Given that anaerobic glycolysis is much less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation, why has anaerobic glycolysis not been discarded during animal evolution?
Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.
(a) When the charge index is 1, the cell will not proceed for glycolysis.
(b) Glycolysis evolved earlier than photosynthetic organisms.
(c) Gluconcogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis.
Which of the following events occurs during the energy-payoff phase of glycolysis?
One carbon of a pyruvate molecule is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Oxaloacetate receives a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to form citrate.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration are FADH2 molecules produced?
Pyruvate Oxidation
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Which of the following events does not occur during pyruvate processing (pyruvate oxidation)?
One carbon atom of each pyruvate is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
NAD+ coenzyme is reduced to NADH.
The remaining two carbon atoms of pyruvate (acetyl unit) reacts with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.
FAD coenzyme receives two hydrogen atoms to produce FADH2.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 4 - State the first and second laws of thermodynamics....Ch. 4 - Explain what is meant by free energy in a system....Ch. 4 - Many biochemical reactions proceed slowly unless...Ch. 4 - What happens in the formation of an...Ch. 4 - Explain three ways that enzymes may be regulated...Ch. 4 - What is meant by a high-energy bond, and why might...Ch. 4 - Although ATP supplies energy to an endergonic...Ch. 4 - What is an oxidation-reduction reaction and why...Ch. 4 - Give an example of a final electron acceptor found...Ch. 4 - Why must glucose be primed with a high energy...
Ch. 4 - What happens to the electrons removed during the...Ch. 4 - Why is acetyl-CoA considered a strategic...Ch. 4 - Why are oxygen molecules important in oxidative...Ch. 4 - Explain how animals can generate ATP without...Ch. 4 - Why are animal fats sometimes called the king of...Ch. 4 - The breakdown of amino acids yields two products:...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between the amount of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1FFT
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Complete the following table about the total products of the various pathways of cellular respiration that result in the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6). Number of CO2 produced Net number of ATP produced Number of NADH produced Number of FADH2 produced Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cyclearrow_forwardFast-twitch muscle fibers have fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin to store oxygen than slow-twitch muscle fibers. Use this information to predict how energy production differs in these two types of muscle fibers. Fast-twitch fibers rely primarily on aerobic respiration whereas slow- twitch fibers rely on anaerobic respiration. Slow-twitch fibers are able to produce more ATP per glucose molecule than fast-twitch fibers. You would expect to find more lactic acid build-up in slow-twitch fibers rather than fast-twitch fibers. A & C all of the abovearrow_forwardATP can be generated by two processes: substrate-level phosphorylation (as in the glycolysis), or oxidative phosphorylation (as in aerobic respiration). Compare and contrast these two mechanisms for making ATP in a short paragraph in 6-7 sentencesarrow_forward
- Place the following molecules in the order in which they appear during aerobic respiration: Citrate G3P Glucose-6-phosphate Pyruvate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Glucose Acetyl-CoAarrow_forwardWhich of the following shows the correct order of reactions for aerobic respiration? Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → Chemiosmosis → Electron transport chain Glycolysis → Fermentation Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain → Chemiosmosis Glycolysis → Fermentation → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain → Chemiosmosis Pyruvate oxidation → Glycolysis → Citric acid cycle → Fermentationarrow_forwardLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. Nextarrow_forward
- Much of our understanding of ATP synthase is derived from research on aerobic bacteria. What makes these organisms useful for this research? Where do the reactions of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron-transport chain occur in these organisms?arrow_forwardUsing the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 2. produces H2O as a by-product 3. results in a rich yield of ATP 4. takes place in the cytosol 5. processes acetyl-CoA 6. takes place in the mitochondrial innermembrane cristae 7. converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules 8. uses molecular oxygen 9. accomplished by the electron transport system and ATP synthase (a) glycolysis (b) citric acid cycle (c) oxidative phosphorylationarrow_forwardWhat is the net yield of ATP when each of the substrates is completely oxidized to CO₂ by a mammalian cell homogenate? Assume that glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are fully active. pyruvate: lactate: 2 12.5 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate: mannose: phosphoenolpyruvate: 13.5 32 dihydroxyacetone phosphate: 34 16 ATP molecules ATP molecules ATP molecules ATP molecules ATP molecules ATP moleculesarrow_forward
- In the presence of excess oxygen, a complete oxidation of seven molecules of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, by a yeast cell, would produce approximately ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 3 ATP and FADH2 = 2 ATP)arrow_forwardConsider a 24:1 △cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the following. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles Gross ATP from acetyl CoA produced Gross ATP from conversion of propionyl CoA (if applicable) Total number of ATP deducted Total net ATParrow_forwardUnlike a rabbit, running all-out for a few moments to escape a predator, migratory birds require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citric acid cycle. Compare the regulation of muscle glycolysis during short-term intense activity, as in a fleeing rabbit, and during extended activity, as in the migrating duck. Why must the regulation in these two settings be different? Extended activity requires the highly efficient anaerobic metabolism of fats, rather than the less efficient aerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity requires the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of fats, rather than the less efficient anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity stimulates glycolysis because the concentrations of citrate and acetyl-CoA are…arrow_forward
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