To determine: The number of treated children who showed an increase in the vertebral area during the 12-month period.
Introduction: Bones are the specialized connective tissues that surround the living cells. An adult consists of 206 bones in their body. The main functions of bone are storage of minerals, to aid in the movement, to protect the organs, and for producing the blood cells through the red marrow. Osteogenesis imperfecta is also known as brittle bone disease. It is a group of genetic disorders that can adversely affect the bones of our body. The main symptom of this disorder is easy breakage of bones. It is mainly caused due to the mutation in the collagen genes.
Explanation of Solution
Person T had multiple fractures in her legs and arms. At the age of six, she underwent a surgery in order to correct more than 200 bone fractures. Her brittle, easily breakable bones are a symptom of a genetic disorder called Osteogenesis imperfecta. It is caused due to the mutation in the collagen genes. During the development of bones, collagen forms a scaffold for the deposition of mineralized bone tissue. The development of scaffolds is inappropriately formed in children with Osteogenesis imperfecta.
Refer Fig. 35.10, “A clinical trial of a drug treatment for Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)” in the textbook. The researchers had conducted clinical trials by testing a new drug for the treatment of Osteogenesis imperfecta. The clinical trial was carried out for a period of 12 months. They selected children under two years old. A comparison was also done between treated and untreated controls. The treated group contained nine children who were administered with the new drug and untreated group was the control group that contained six children. The vertebral area was also calculated before and afterward the treatment. The fractures that took place during the 12 months of the trial were also noted.
The number of treated children who showed an increase in the vertebral area after the 12-month period was nine. This is because all the treated children had a sudden increase in the vertebral area in cm2. For example, Child 3 initially had a vertebral area of about 6.7 and the final vertebral area was about 16.5. Also, the overall mean calculation was initially 11.4 and was increased to 14.9 after the treatment.
All the nine treated children showed an increase in the vertebral area after 12-month period of the study.
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Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
- Figure 38.19 Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false? Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the inferior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior.arrow_forwardThe Haversian canal: is arranged as rods or plates contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones synthesizes and secretes matrixarrow_forwardBuilding Better Bones Tiffany, shown in FIGURE 35.22, was born with multiple fractures in her arms and legs. By age six, she had undergone surgery to correct more than 200 bone fractures. Her fragile, easily broken bones are symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene for collagen. As bones develop, collagen forms a scaffold for deposition of mineralized bone tissue. The scaffold forms improperly in children with OI. FIGURE 35.22 also shows the results of a test of a new drug. Treated children, all less than two years old, were compared to similarly affected children of the same age who were not treated with the drug. Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 14.7 16.7 1 2 15.5 16.9 1 3 6.7 16.5 6 4 7.3 11.8 0 5 13.6 14.6 6 6 9.3 15.6 1 7 15.3 15.9 0 8 9.9 13.0 4 9 10.5 13.4 4 Mean 11.4 14.9 2.6 Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 18.2 13.7 4 2 16.5 12.9 7 3 16.4 11.3 8 4 13.5 7.7 5 5 16.2 16.1 8 6 18.9 17.0 6 Mean 16.6 13.1 6.3 FIGURE 35.22 Results of a clinical trial of a drug treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which affects the child shown at right. Nine children with OI received the drug. Six others were untreated controls. Surface area of certain vertebrae was measured before and after treatment. Fractures occurring during the 12 months of the trial were also recorded. 3. How did the rate of fractures in the two groups compare?arrow_forward
- Building Better Bones Tiffany, shown in FIGURE 35.22, was born with multiple fractures in her arms and legs. By age six, she had undergone surgery to correct more than 200 bone fractures. Her fragile, easily broken bones are symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene for collagen. As bones develop, collagen forms a scaffold for deposition of mineralized bone tissue. The scaffold forms improperly in children with OI. FIGURE 35.22 also shows the results of a test of a new drug. Treated children, all less than two years old, were compared to similarly affected children of the same age who were not treated with the drug. Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 14.7 16.7 1 2 15.5 16.9 1 3 6.7 16.5 6 4 7.3 11.8 0 5 13.6 14.6 6 6 9.3 15.6 1 7 15.3 15.9 0 8 9.9 13.0 4 9 10.5 13.4 4 Mean 11.4 14.9 2.6 Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 18.2 13.7 4 2 16.5 12.9 7 3 16.4 11.3 8 4 13.5 7.7 5 5 16.2 16.1 8 6 18.9 17.0 6 Mean 16.6 13.1 6.3 FIGURE 35.22 Results of a clinical trial of a drug treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which affects the child shown at right. Nine children with OI received the drug. Six others were untreated controls. Surface area of certain vertebrae was measured before and after treatment. Fractures occurring during the 12 months of the trial were also recorded. 4. Do these results shown support the hypothesis that this drug, which slows bone breakdown, can increase bone growth and reduce fractures in young children with OI?arrow_forwardBuilding Better Bones Tiffany, shown in FIGURE 35.22, was born with multiple fractures in her arms and legs. By age six, she had undergone surgery to correct more than 200 bone fractures. Her fragile, easily broken bones are symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene for collagen. As bones develop, collagen forms a scaffold for deposition of mineralized bone tissue. The scaffold forms improperly in children with OI. FIGURE 35.22 also shows the results of a test of a new drug. Treated children, all less than two years old, were compared to similarly affected children of the same age who were not treated with the drug. Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 14.7 16.7 1 2 15.5 16.9 1 3 6.7 16.5 6 4 7.3 11.8 0 5 13.6 14.6 6 6 9.3 15.6 1 7 15.3 15.9 0 8 9.9 13.0 4 9 10.5 13.4 4 Mean 11.4 14.9 2.6 Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 18.2 13.7 4 2 16.5 12.9 7 3 16.4 11.3 8 4 13.5 7.7 5 5 16.2 16.1 8 6 18.9 17.0 6 Mean 16.6 13.1 6.3 FIGURE 35.22 Results of a clinical trial of a drug treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which affects the child shown at right. Nine children with OI received the drug. Six others were untreated controls. Surface area of certain vertebrae was measured before and after treatment. Fractures occurring during the 12 months of the trial were also recorded. 2. How many of the untreated children showed an increase in vertebral area?arrow_forwardBuilding Better Bones Tiffany, shown in FIGURE 35.22, was born with multiple fractures in her arms and legs. By age six, she had undergone surgery to correct more than 200 bone fractures. Her fragile, easily broken bones are symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene for collagen. As bones develop, collagen forms a scaffold for deposition of mineralized bone tissue. The scaffold forms improperly in children with OI. FIGURE 35.22 also shows the results of a test of a new drug. Treated children, all less than two years old, were compared to similarly affected children of the same age who were not treated with the drug. Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 14.7 16.7 1 2 15.5 16.9 1 3 6.7 16.5 6 4 7.3 11.8 0 5 13.6 14.6 6 6 9.3 15.6 1 7 15.3 15.9 0 8 9.9 13.0 4 9 10.5 13.4 4 Mean 11.4 14.9 2.6 Vertebral Treated area in cm2 Fractures child (Initial) (Final) per year 1 18.2 13.7 4 2 16.5 12.9 7 3 16.4 11.3 8 4 13.5 7.7 5 5 16.2 16.1 8 6 18.9 17.0 6 Mean 16.6 13.1 6.3 FIGURE 35.22 Results of a clinical trial of a drug treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which affects the child shown at right. Nine children with OI received the drug. Six others were untreated controls. Surface area of certain vertebrae was measured before and after treatment. Fractures occurring during the 12 months of the trial were also recorded. 1. An increase in vertebral area during the 12-month period of the study indicates bone growth. How many of the treated children showed such an increase?arrow_forward
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