To review:
The structural outline of peptidoglycan sacculus and its expansion during growth. Also mention two distinguishing experimental data that provide support to the present views of sacculus.
Introduction:
Murein or peptidoglycan is one of the
The cell wall of bacteria is familiar to a sacculus, which contains a single interconnected molecule. This molecule envelops the cell. The sacculus is isolated from Escherichia coli (E.coli). This structure is porous for the organic and ion molecules. Peptidoglycan sacculus composes a cage-like closed flexible structure that covers up the cytoplasmic membrane.
The glycans are the parallel polymers of the disaccharides from the interconnected peptide chains. The layers are composed of an alternating association of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine held together by peptide chains. The cross-linked interconnected parallel bridges of glycan strands are formed by the expansion of peptides. The mesh cage-like structure of the sacculus helps in holding the cells together.
The septation and expansion of cell walls are observed through an electron microscope (EM). Fluorescence microscopy can also be used to reveal particular classes of proteins that are vital during the process of growth as well as separation. Each class of protein reflects a particular color in the fluorescence microscopy, which helps in a better understanding of the involved proteins during these processes.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
- 1. Why was the great oxygenation event important for mitochondrial development? a) In your own words, define symbiotic. 2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain a circular DNA chromosome, and ribosomes. Why does this evidence support the theory of endosymbiosis as the mechanism for the origin of eukaryotic cells? a) Today, could mitochondria live independently of their eukaryotic cell host? Give two pieces of evidence to support your answer.arrow_forward1_Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis by: a.Binding irreversibly to transpeptidase and inhibit cross linking the peptidoglycan chains b.Acting on the final stage of peptidoglycan assembly c.Acting on the enzyme that assembles a growing glycan chain d.Interfering with one of the early stages of synthesis of peptidoglycan Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere please answer should not be palgarisedarrow_forwardIn the diagram below, identify the structures of a cyanobacterial cell based on the following descriptions: a) Outer cellular covering which includes: Mucilaginous layer – outermost layer covering the cell wall; protects the cell from harmful factors of the environment Cell wall – found just below the mucilaginous layer; 2 or 3-layered, the inner layer lies in between the outer wall layer and plasma membrane; the outer layer is made of peptidoglycan Innermost plasma membrane – selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm b) Cytoplasm – found below the plasma membrane; the protoplasm which contains structures of different shapes and functions. Lamellae, which contain pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenes, xanthophylls, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, are located in the peripheral region of cytoplasm. Ribosomes may also be found scattered in the cytoplasm. c) Nucleic material – the nucleoplasm that is centrally located in the cell and contains chromatin in the form…arrow_forward
- The peptidoglycan of bacteria has been compared with the chain mail worn beneath a medieval knight’s suit of armor. It provides both protection and flexibility. Describe other structures in biology that have an analogous function. How are they replaced or modified to accommodate the growth of the inhabitant?arrow_forwardAnswer the following question briefly but concisely 1. What are the similarities and differences between magnetosomes and the Gloeomargarita inclusions? 2. How does the flagellum of eukaryotic cells vary from that of prokaryotic cells in their functions? 3. What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis entail, and what evidence backs it up? 4. PHAs and glycogen are expected to be produced under what nutritional conditions? 5. What structural and functional differences exist between fimbriae and pili?arrow_forwardSome antibiotics target peptidoglycan synthesis. What is amolecular growth target of an antibiotic that inhibitspeptidoglycan synthesis?arrow_forward
- Why can bacterial ribosomes be targeted by antibiotics?a) Because they are different from eukaryotic ribosomesb) Because eukaryotes don't have ribosomesc) Because they are identical to eukaryotic ribosomes explain answerarrow_forwarddraw diagram of Peptidoglycan.arrow_forwardWhat kind of enzymatic activities are required to grow the peptidoglycan cell wall?arrow_forward
- If a species of Agrobacterium had a mutation in the virG gene that prevents VirG from becoming phosphorylated, would crown gall formation occur?arrow_forwardMost medically useful antibiotics interfere with either peptidogly¬can synthesis or ribosome function. Why would the cytoplasmic membrane be a poor target for antibacterial medications?arrow_forwardPeroxisomes are not included in the population of vesicularorganelles because of their specialized function and uniquebiogenesis. Describe the function of this organelle andexplain how it is formed.arrow_forward