Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 3.2, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason behind amino acids not being membrane-permanent weak bases or weak acids along with the reason for their failure in crossing the phospholipid bilayer.
Introduction:
Acid and base are the chemical substances that donate and receive hydrogen ions, respectively. Alkalinity and acidity of any substance are determined by the pH, a logarithmic scale. The acids and bases dissolve in water for the yielding of hydronium and hydroxide ion, respectively. The
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Phospholipids form the main fabric of the plasma membrane. One feature of phospholipids is that when they are placed in an aqueous solution, they will self-assemble into a double layer (bilayer) that resembles the bilayer of the plasma membrane. This self-assembly occurs because phospholipids are
hydrophilic at one end (the phospholipid head) and hydrophobic at the other end (the phospholipid tails).
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the figure.
1. First, drag labels of Group 1 to targets (a) and (b) to indicate whether these environments are hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
2. Next, drag the phospholipid layers (Group 2) to targets (c) and (d) to indicate how they are oriented in the plasma membrane.
3. Finally, drag labels of Group 1 to targets (e), (f), and (g) to indicate which portions of the membrane protein are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic.
Group 1
extracellular
hydrophobic
fluid
©
hydrophilic
plasma
membrane
Group 1
Group 2
(f
membrane
protein
Group 1
Group…
What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?
What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charges all have in common? In what do they differ?
Most cytoplasmic proteins lack disulfide bonds, whereas extracellular proteins usually contain them. Why?
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- A phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. What effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose?arrow_forwardA) how does a phospholipid differ from a fat? Why is this important for the cells lipid by layer? B) what is the difference between active and passive transport?arrow_forwardAccording to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other. They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane. They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane. They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.arrow_forward
- Lipid rafts form because membrane component such as sphingolipids and cholesterol molecules preferentially associate with another. Why do you think that the aggregates are limited in size?arrow_forwardHow does the phospholipid bilayer of a liposome differ from the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of a cell? (a) The phospholipid bilayer of a liposome contains only phospholipids, without the proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane of a cell. (b) The phospholipid bilayer of a liposome contains two bilayers of phospholipid molecules, whereas the plasma membrane of a cell contains only one. (c) The phospholipid bilayer of a liposome completely envelops the liposome, whereas the plasma membrane of a cell does not completely envelop the cell. (d) The phospholipid molecules in the phospholipid bilayer of a liposome are oriented with the lipid ends on the outside of the bilayer and the phosphate groups on the inside.arrow_forwardPart a) Would a single alpha helix be more stable in a aqueous solution or a membrane. Explain why. Part b) Why do transmembrane proteins always have secondary structures inside the membrane but aqueous proteins do not? Part c) If you had a single alpha helix, can it act as a pore for a membrane. Explain.arrow_forward
- In what way do proteins embedded in a membrane differ structurally from soluble proteins?arrow_forwardAmmonia (NH3) is a weak base that under acidic conditions becomes protonated to the ammonium ion in the following reaction: NH3 + H+ → NH+4 NH3 freely permeates biological membranes, including those of lysosomes. The lysosome is a subcellular organelle with a pH of about 4.5–5.0; the pH of cytoplasm is about 7.0. What is the effect on the pH of the fluid content of lyso- somes when cells are exposed to ammonia? Note: Ammo- nium (NH4+) does not diffuse freely across membranes.arrow_forwardProteins, like lipids, are free to move in the membrane. How do we know this?arrow_forward
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