Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 28, Problem 8RQ
Most herbivorous mammals depend on cellulose as their main energy source, yet no mammal synthesizes cellulose-splitting enzymes. How are the digestive tracts of mammals specialized for symbiotic digestion of cellulose?
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Why are linoleate and linolenate considered essential fatty acids? What step in production of polyunsaturated fatty acids are mammals unable to perform?
Although rabbits cannot digest the cellulose in their all-plant diet, bacteria that live in their cecum can. However, to make full use of the nutrients released by bacterial action, a rabbit must produce and eat a special type of feces. Why must the rabbit reswallow this material to obtain the nutrients released by bacterial action?Some people who have gallstones experience pain after they eat, with fatty meals causing the greatest discomfort. Why do such meals trigger gallbladder pain? Diabetes insipidus is a medical disorder in which a person produces an unusually large amount of highly dilute urine. Some cases are caused by a gene mutation, but in most people, diabetes insipidus arises after a head injury. Explain how an injury to the head could affect kidney function.Marine mammals and desert rodents both have highly efficient kidneys that produce only a tiny amount of very concentrated urine. What selective pressure shaped this trait in both animals?
The stomach has two types of exocrine cells: the chief cells, which secrete an inactive form of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsinogen, and the parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) that activates pepsinogen. Both cell types have an abundance of mitochondria for ATP production- the chief cells need energy to synthesize pepsinogen, and the parietal cells need energy to transport hydrogen ions. (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) from the blood into the stomach lumen. Only one of these cell types has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant Golgi stacks.
Would this be the chief cells or the parietal cell?
parietal cells.
Chapter 28 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 28 - Describe the evolution of mammals, tracing their...Ch. 28 - Describe structural and functional adaptations...Ch. 28 - Hair is hypothesized to have evolved in therapsids...Ch. 28 - What is distinctive about each of the following:...Ch. 28 - Describe location and principal function(s) of...Ch. 28 - Define diphyodont and heterodont and explain why...Ch. 28 - Prob. 7RQCh. 28 - Most herbivorous mammals depend on cellulose as...Ch. 28 - How does fermentation differ between horses and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 28 - Describe the annual migrations of barren-ground...Ch. 28 - Prob. 12RQCh. 28 - Describe and distinguish patterns of reproduction...Ch. 28 - Distinguish between territory and home range for...Ch. 28 - Describe the hare-lynx population cycle,...Ch. 28 - Prob. 16RQCh. 28 - Prob. 17RQCh. 28 - What role do the fossils named Ardi and Lucy play...Ch. 28 - Prob. 19RQCh. 28 - When did the different species of Homo appear and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 1FFT
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- Where would pectinase be useful in the human digestive system? Explain why and what it would do.arrow_forwardThe stomach has two types of exocrine cells, chief cell which secrete an inactive form of the protein degesting enzymes pepsinogen, and parietal cells , which secrete hydrochloric acid that activates pepsinogen.Both cell types have an abundance of mitochondria ATP production.The chief cells need energy to synthesise pepsinogen and parietal cells need energy to transport hydrogen ions and chloride ions from the blood into the stomach lumen.Only one of this cell types has an extensive roung endoplasmic and abandant Golgi stacks. Would this be the chief cells or parietal cells?why?arrow_forwardIn the intestine, the triacylglycerols must be converted to fatty acids and glycerol by hydrolytic enzymes before transport into enterocytes. Afterward, fatty acids and glycerol are reconverted into triacylglycerols and then packaged into chylomicrons. Suggest why this energy-requiring process is used instead of a direct transport of triacylglycerols into enterocytes.arrow_forward
- You have the task of producing 3 kilogram of porcine (pig) insulin from pig pancreases to create an emergency stockpile of insulin. You know that a typical adult pig has a 269 gram pancreas and it is possible to produce 15 micromoles of purified insulin from 1 kg of pancreatic tissue. How many fresh pig carcasses would you need to produce 3 kg of insulin?arrow_forwardWhen young rats are placed on a completely fat-free diet, they grow poorly, develop a scaly dermatitis, lose hair, and soon die. These symptoms can be prevented if linoleate or plant material is included in the diet. What makes linoleate an essential fatty acid? Animals lack the enzymes required to synthesize long-chain fatty acids with 14 or more carbons. Animals lack the enzymes required to synthesize odd-number fatty acids. Animals lack the enzymes required to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animals lack the enzymes required to introduce double bonds into fatty acids beyond the A9 position.arrow_forwardFatty acids and triglycerides are an important source of nutrition and a dense form of stored energy. Digestion of fats yields more energy per gram than digestion of carbohydrates. In the first step of fatty acid digestion, the carboxylic acid of a fatty acid is activated to a fatty acyl-CoA. This activation step A) requires the input of energy from ATP. B) requires the input of energy from NADH. C) releases energy which is captured in the form of ATP. D) releases energy which is captured in the form of NADH.arrow_forward
- One example of a stage 3 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is: the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvate the intracellular digestion of some amino acids into NH4+ and pyruvate the extracellular digestion of polypeptides into amino acids the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerolarrow_forwardOne example of a stage 1 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is: the intramitochondrial digestion of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol the intracellular digestion of some amino acids into NH4+ and pyruvate the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvatearrow_forwardWhat is the structure that secretes amylase to aid in the digestion of starches?? Any help, pleasearrow_forward
- Suppose that you perform an experiment to observe the effect of temperature and pH on the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase using the Iodine test, and starch as the substrate. Complete the table below: Temperature (°C) Color of solution Rank (1 - greatest digestion and 3 - least digestion) with I2 4 37 100 pH Color of solution Rank (1 - greatest digestion and 3 -least digestion) with I2 4 7 10arrow_forwardGlyceraldehyde is the only three-carbon aldotetrose, and it can exist as two stereoisomers. What is the structure of dihydroxyacetone, the only ketotriose? How many stereoisomers does it form? Bacteria are known to change the kinds of fatty acids they produce as the temperature of their environment changes. What types of changes in fatty acids would you expect as the temperature drops? Why would this be adaptive? Which of the following are true? Increasing the pH of a solution would (1) suppress the dissociation of a carboxylic acid, (2) increase the charge on an amino group, (3) increase the dissociation of a carboxylic acid, (4) suppress the charge on an amino groarrow_forwardGram for gram, fatty acids provide more energy than carbohydrates. For this reason, triacylglycerols were evolutionarily selected as the main energy storage molecule over glycogen. 1) In a sentence or two, explain why fatty acids are capable of providing more energy than carbohydrates. BE SPECIFIC. 2) The answer to PART 1 actually creates complications in how lipids are digested. Why is this? 3) Now consider the fatty acid stearate. Stearate contains a total of 18 carbon (C) atoms and, when it is oxidized, a TOTAL of nine acetyl CoA molecules are produced. As you know, every molecule of glucose contains a total of six C atoms, so three glucose molecules have the equivalent number of carbons as one stearte. A) How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced when three glucose molecules are oxidized? B) Considering ALL of the above information, please explain why three glucose molecules DO NOT provide the same amount of energy as one stearate molecule. For full credit, link your answer to…arrow_forward
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