Complete the table below: Temperature (°C) Color of solution Rank (1- greatest digestion and 3 – least digestion) with Iz 4 37 100 pH Color of solution Rank (1 - greatest digestion and 3 – least digestion) with I2 4 7 10
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- The activity of pepsin was measured at various pH values. The temperature and the concentrations of pepsin and substrate were held constant. The following activities were obtained: pH activity 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.6 2.0 4.8 3.0 2.0 4.0 0.4 5.0 0.0 Plot a graph of the pH dependence of pepsin activity. Based on the graph what is the optimum pH? Predict the activity of pepsin in the blood at pH 7.4.Using the standard curve for the digestion of amylose producing maltose (Figure 13, Workshop 4 manual), determine the amount of maltose produced for each of the conditions (Tubes 2-10). Assume that these values are the amount of product (maltose) produced per unit time (e.g., mM per second) or enzyme velocity Absorbance (545 nm) Maltose (mM/sec) 0 0 0 0.040 0.210 0.330 0.295 0.280 0.202 0.030Answer the following using the picture attached: A. How does pepsin differ from chymotrypsin in terms of its active site residues and mechanism? B. How do these changes permit pepsin to operate at such a low pH?
- Estimate the optimum pH for the digestive enzyme trypsin, which hydrolyzes proteins in the small intestines, from the following graph.Briefly discuss the effect of salt, pH and temperature on the action of salivary amylase. Then, list TWO possible errors in this experiment. Suggest how these errors could be prevented.The phosphate buffer (H2PO4 HPO42+ H") in esophageal cells has a pKa of 7.2. If acid floods into cells, and the pH drops from 7.2 to 3.2, which concentration in the cells will increase, H2PO4 or HPO42? Is pH 3.2 in the buffer range of this phosphate buffer (pKa 7.2)? Esophagus Stomach HPO42, no HPO4: yes H,PO4: yes H,PO41; no
- On the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)If, in addition to the constraints on glucose concentration listed previously, we have in the liver cell ATP concentration = 5 mM and ADP concentration = 5 mM , what is the theoretical concentration of glucose-6-phosphate at equilibrium at pH=7.4 and 37 ∘C ? Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. Please type answer note write by hend.Gastric juice is made up of substances secreted from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous‑secreting cells. The cells secrete HClHCl, proteolytic enzyme zymogens, mucin, and intrinsic factor. The pH of gastric juice is acidic, between 1–3. If the pHpH of gastric juice is 1.3, what is the amount of energy (Δ?)(ΔG) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal pH of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the potential difference across the membrane separating the cell and the interior of the stomach is −60.0 mV−60.0 mV (inside of the cell is negative relative to the lumen of the stomach). Assume that the temperature is 37 °C. The Faraday constant is 96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol)96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol) and the gas constant is 8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K)8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K). Express your answer in kilojoules per mole.
- Define each of the 3 components of protein quality. Give examples of factors that limit protein bioavailability. Define digestibility and be able to calculate. Describe BV and PER. Limitations of each? Describe the AA reference pattern and understand how the values were calculated. Define limiting amino acid. Describe and know how to calculate: AAS, PDCAAS, PDCAAS for more than one protein source, DIAAS. Interpret the following scores: PD, BV, PER, AAS, PDCAAS, DIAAS.Which statement below is false about the probability of the absorption of a weak base from the following data? pka 4.5, stomach pH 2.5, small intestine pH 7.5. O the substance will be mostly ionized in stomach O the substance will be mostly non-ionized in the intestine the substance can be absorbed both in stomach and small intestine O the ratio of ionized and non-ionized substance will not favor absorption in stomach the ratio of ionized and non-ionized substance will favor absorption in intestineMatch the following: a. Stimulates milk production 1. Transport protein b. Controls carbohydrate mechanism 2. Structural protein c. Decreases urine production 3. Catalytic protein d. Hemoglobin belongs to this class 4. Storage protein e. Protein that acts as enzyme 5. Vasopressin f. Nerve impulse transmission 6. Insulin g. Keratin belongs to this class 7. Rhodopsin n. Gliadin and casein 8. Oxytocin