Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 28, Problem 15RQ
Describe the hare-lynx population cycle, considered a classic example of a prey-predator relationship (see Figure 28.28). From your examination of the cycle, formulate a hypothesis to explain the oscillations.
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The relationship between predator and prey populations has been studied by computer simulation using equations which form part of a mathematical model devised by Lotka and Volterra. The data in Table 6.10 show the results of such a simulation when the prey population begins with 20 individuals and the predator population begins with six individuals.
1.Explain why the peaks in the predator population occur after those in the prey population.
2. This simulation assumes one prey species and one predator species in an imaginary ecosystem and is based on mathematical equations. Why is it likely to be too simplistic to describe accurately what happens in nature?
Interpret the following graphs:
In the graphs, the number of days are 18.. 1 day is equal to 60 sec. For the first graph, days are taken on x-axis. The mean foraging times are taken on y-axis. For the 2nd graph, percentage of prey caught during first half of winter(1-6days) were taken on x-axis and percentage of prey caught during 2nd half of winter(7-12days) were taken on y-axis.
Based on these graphs, and assuming head raises of European finches helps watch for predators but
also has a trade-off with eating, select the statements that these graphs support.
Total head raises
of entire flock per minute
(a)
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
4 5
Flock size
0 1 2 3
6
Individual head raises per minute
(b)
12
10
8
N
T
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Flock size
Time to husk a seed (seconds)
As the flock size increases, individuals have less access to food
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
1
C
01 2 3 4 5 6
Flock size
O The larger the size of the flock, the smaller the fitness of each individual
As the flock size increases, individuals are able to eat more quickly
The graphs support the hypothesis that there is no tradeoff at the individual level between watching for
predators and husking seeds
When groups are larger, individuals can spend less time watching for predators, but as a group they have
spend more.
The graphs support the hypothesis that there is a tradeoff at the individual level between watching for…
Chapter 28 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 28 - Describe the evolution of mammals, tracing their...Ch. 28 - Describe structural and functional adaptations...Ch. 28 - Hair is hypothesized to have evolved in therapsids...Ch. 28 - What is distinctive about each of the following:...Ch. 28 - Describe location and principal function(s) of...Ch. 28 - Define diphyodont and heterodont and explain why...Ch. 28 - Prob. 7RQCh. 28 - Most herbivorous mammals depend on cellulose as...Ch. 28 - How does fermentation differ between horses and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 28 - Describe the annual migrations of barren-ground...Ch. 28 - Prob. 12RQCh. 28 - Describe and distinguish patterns of reproduction...Ch. 28 - Distinguish between territory and home range for...Ch. 28 - Describe the hare-lynx population cycle,...Ch. 28 - Prob. 16RQCh. 28 - Prob. 17RQCh. 28 - What role do the fossils named Ardi and Lucy play...Ch. 28 - Prob. 19RQCh. 28 - When did the different species of Homo appear and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 1FFT
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- With respect to the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, which of the following statements is most likely true? Under this model, it is possible for a predator to drive its prey to extinction. All of the statements are true. Non of the statements is true. This model predicts neutrally-stable predator-prey cycles, as opposed to a stable equilibrium. O In this model, an increase in searching efficiency (a) will increase the maximum prey population.arrow_forwardIf the rate of some process is governed by the abundance of prey individuals, we say that it is prey-dependent. Give some examples of prey-dependent processes.arrow_forwardThe yellow perch is a fish found in freshwater lakes. It is a generalist predator, consuming a variety of prey species, including crayfish, small fish, insect larvae and snails. You examine the predation rate of yellow perch on snails, and obtain the following data. Identify the type of functional response, and a plausible reason for why it has that type of response. 60- 40- 20- Perch Predation Ratearrow_forward
- Think about a predator-prey system that perfectly follows Lotka-Volterra dynamics. The search efficiency parameter (a) represents how quickly the predator finds and kills its prey. What would happen if most the predator population had a parasite that made them less effective predators? Infected animals find and kill prey less frequently (that is, the parasite caused the value of the search efficiency parameter to decline). the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would increase Othe populations would no longer cycle; the prey would increase and the predator would go extinct the populations would no longer cycle; the prey would go extinct and the predator would increase the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would decline the predator and prey populations would no longer cycle; the parasite and the predator populations would cycle insteadarrow_forwardGreat white sharks prefer marine mammals like seals but can eat a number of other prey items, including birds and fish. According to the table below, what is the critical search time for seals, above which great white sharks should choose to eat an albatross if they encounter one? Prey item: seal (energy = 60 Mcals, handling time = 5 minutes) Prey item: albatross (energy = 10 Mcals, handling time = 2 minutes)arrow_forwardIf you adjust each of the four constants, one at a time, by 10%, which seems to have the greatest impact on the simulation output? Examine the Lotka-Volterra equations to explain by this constant makes such a big difference in the predator-prey system. Hint: This constant affects both the birth rate of predators and the death rate of prey.arrow_forward
- Use the following simple predator-prey relationships to answer the questions about the system below (assume no other interactions exist in this system). Mice eat grain grown by a farmer before it can be harvested. The mice are consumed by several species of snakes, which themselves are consumed by hawks. A. If the population of snakes was suddenly wiped out by disease, explain the short-term effects on the grain, mice, and hawk populations, and why these effects would be observed. B. If the population of snakes were suddenly wiped out by disease, explain the long-term effects on the grain, mice, and hawk populations, and why these effects would be observed. C. Local farmers would like to use a biological, as opposed to a chemical, means to protect their crop. What would be the most effective way for farmers in this area to protect their grain crop naturally? Why? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt ✓ Paragraph BIUA V 2 ✓ T² v :arrow_forwardDraw and label graphs (including zero-growth isoclines) showing the predicted behavior of the Lotka-Volterra predator/prey equations if we assume prey growth follows and exponential growth model. Show how the graphs would change of the prey follow a logistic growth model.arrow_forwardHoney bee workers from a colony in North Carolina are visiting two food sites, A and B, at 6 am as shown below. Site A is 1500 m from the hive; site B is 300 m from the hive. While most of the foragers are out in the field, a sudden downpour strikes which drowns many of the bees outside the hive. As a result, there is a shortage of foragers in the nest at a time when much food is available in the field. Which of the following can you correctly predict will happen: a. The loss of foragers will cause increased activity of the Gp9 gene in some of the bees inside the nest, which will decrease their JH levels, causing them to revert to nursing behavior and raise more brood to quickly replace the lost foragers. b. The loss of foragers will result in decreased transfer of ethyl oleate to the younger bees, which will cause JH titers in some of the younger bees to increase and they will become precocious foragers. c. The loss of contact with older bees will cause increased Amfor and…arrow_forward
- Using the lynx–hare interaction, explain in words the equations of the Lotka–Volterra model for the change in the population sizes of prey and predators.arrow_forwardDippers (Cinclus cinclus) are small birds that can be found along fast-flowing streams in Europe and Asia. They feed on insect larvae, especially those of caddis flies (Trichoptera), which they catch by sticking their heads under water and turning over stones. Describe the relationship between the abundance of caddis fly larvae and dippers?Why, is caddis fly larva abundance expressed as ‘relative abundance’? using the data in Table 2arrow_forwardWhat contributions have laboratory and mathematical models made to our understanding of predator–prey population cycles? What are the shortcomings of these modeling approaches? What are their advantages?arrow_forward
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