Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 28, Problem 10EQ
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The most compelling evidence that states that ridge count is not caused by genetically related individuals sharing the same environment.
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A danger in computing heritability values from studiesinvolving genetically related individuals is the possibility that theseindividuals share more similar environments than do unrelatedindividuals. In the experiment shown in Figure 24.8, which dataare the most compelling evidence that ridge count is not causedby genetically related individuals sharing common environments?Explain
ADHD is a highly heritable trait with published broad sense heritability estimates in the range of 0.6-
0.9. Larsson et al. 2014 (doi: 10.1017/S0033291713002493 ) reported the concordance values
shown in the table below for pairs of monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins with data for male
and female pairs shown separately, using data from the Swedish twin register (59,000 twin pairs,
born between 1959 and 2001).
Male MZ twins Male DZ twins Female MZ twins Female DZ twins
56%
16%
37%
13%
Based on the data in this table, does ADHD appear to be more heritable in males or females?
Provide one sentence of rationale to support your answer.
In the following table, average differences of height, weight,and fingerprint ridge count between monozygotic twins (rearedtogether and apart), dizygotic twins, and nontwin siblings arecompared:
Based on the data in this table, which of these quantitative traitshas the highest heritability values?
Chapter 28 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 28.1 - 1. Which of the following is an example of a...Ch. 28.1 - 2. Saying that a quantitative trait follows a...Ch. 28.2 - The variance is a. a measure of the variation...Ch. 28.2 - 2. Which of the following statistics is used to...Ch. 28.3 - 1. For many quantitative traits, genotypes and...Ch. 28.4 - A QTL is a __________ where one or more genes...Ch. 28.4 - 2. To map QTLs, strains are crossed that differ...Ch. 28.5 - 1. In a population of squirrels in North Carolina,...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 28.5 - 3. One way to estimate narrow-sense heritability...
Ch. 28.6 - 1. For selective breeding to be successful, the...Ch. 28.6 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 28 - Give several examples of quantitative traits.How...Ch. 28 - 2. At the molecular level, explain why...Ch. 28 - 3. What is a normal distribution? Discuss this...Ch. 28 - 4. Explain the difference between a continuous...Ch. 28 - What is a frequency distribution? Explain how such...Ch. 28 - 6. The variance for weight in a particular herd of...Ch. 28 - Two different varieties of potato plants produce...Ch. 28 - 8. If , would you conclude that a positive...Ch. 28 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 28 - When a correlation coefficient is statistically...Ch. 28 - 11. What is polygenic inheritance? Discuss the...Ch. 28 - What is a quantitative trait locus (QTL)? Does a...Ch. 28 - 13. Let’s suppose that weight in a species of...Ch. 28 - Prob. 14CONQCh. 28 - 15. From an agricultural point of view, discuss...Ch. 28 - Many beautiful varieties of roses have been...Ch. 28 - 17. In your own words, explain the meaning of the...Ch. 28 - 18. What is the difference between broad-sense...Ch. 28 - The heritability for egg weight in a group of...Ch. 28 - In a fairly large population of people living in a...Ch. 28 - When artificial selection is practiced over many...Ch. 28 - 22. Discuss whether a natural population of wolves...Ch. 28 - 23. With regard to heterosis, is each of...Ch. 28 - Here are data for height and weight among 10 male...Ch. 28 - 2. The abdomen length (in millimeters) was...Ch. 28 - 3. You conduct an RFLP analysis of head weight in...Ch. 28 - 5. Let’s suppose that two strains of pigs differ...Ch. 28 - Prob. 6EQCh. 28 - In a wild strain of tomato plants, the phenotypic...Ch. 28 - The average thorax length in aDrosophilapopulation...Ch. 28 - 9. In a strain of mice, the average 6-week body...Ch. 28 - Prob. 10EQCh. 28 - 11. A danger in computing heritability values from...Ch. 28 - For each of the following relationships,...Ch. 28 - An animal breeder had a herd of sheep with a mean...Ch. 28 - The trait of blood pressure in humans has a...Ch. 28 - Discuss why heritability is an important...Ch. 28 - From a biological viewpoint, speculate as to why...Ch. 28 - 3. What is heterosis? Discuss whether it is caused...
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- In a study conducted on human height, heritability estimates that were initially done on children with an average age of 5 years old was 74%. Heritability estimates were again performed on the same individuals when they reached adulthood with an average of 40 years old. The result was 30%. Explain the results.arrow_forwardIn a study of coat colour in beach mice, researchers measured the darkness of the fur on the backs of 50 breeding pairs and their offspring performed a regression of offspring phenotypes on midparent values. The slope of the regression was 0.67 and the regression explained 75% of the variation. Question= In a journal article based on these results, the researchers reported a narrow-sense heritability estimate of ???arrow_forwardDizygotic twinning often runs in families, and its frequency varies among ethnic groups, whereas monozygotic twinning rarely runs in families, and its frequency is quite constant among ethnic groups. These observations have been interpreted as evidence of a genetic basis for variation in dizygotic twinning but little genetic basis for variation in monozygotic twinning. Can you suggest a possible reason for these differences in the genetic tendencies toward dizygotic and monozygotic twinning?arrow_forward
- Which of the following best describes the broad-sense heritability of a trait? Variance in the trait that is due to genetic effects (VG) The proportion of phenotype variance that is due to genetic effects (VG/Vp) The proportion of phenotype variance that is due to genetic effects (Vp - VG) The proportion of phenotype variance that is not due to genetic effects (Vp- VE) the degree to which genes influencing a trait are passed from offspring to parents Toarrow_forwardMany researchers have estimated the heritability of human traits by comparing the correlation coefficients of monozygotic and dizygotic twins (see pp. 731–732). One of the assumptions made in using this method is that monozygotic twin pairs experience environments that are no more similar to each other than those experienced by dizygotic twin pairs. How might this assumption be violated? Give some specific examples of how the environments of two monozygotic twins might be more similar than the environments of two dizygotic twins.arrow_forwardYou have just started working in a field research laboratory focused on a species of Redtailed Hawks. They have been trying to understand the heritability of wingspan in this species. They've studied them in 2 different contexts. In the wild, and in an indoor enclosure that is temperature controlled and provides them with a standardized diet, eliminating environmental variance. In the wild, the total variance was determined to be 24 inches. In the enclosure, total variance between subjects was found to be 8 inches. In the enclosure, what is the VEnvironmental VTotal = VGenetic + %3D Environmental H? = VGenetic/ VTotal %3Darrow_forward
- Assume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about complex traits is/are TRUE? Twin studies help to tease apart the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to phenotypic variations. When describing quantitative traits, a high variance indicates that most individual values are not very close to the mean. Genetic factors determine Mendelian traits, while environmental factors determine complex traits. Both additive and dominant effect falls in the category of narrow sense heritability and can be directly passed on from parents to offspring.arrow_forwardThis is a classic data set on wing coloration in the scarlet tiger moth (Panaxia dominula). Coloration in this species had been previously shown to behave asa single-locus, two-allele system with incomplete dominance. Data for 1612 individuals are given below: White-spotted (AA) =1469 Intermediate (Aa) = 138 Little spotting (aa) =5 Calculate the allele frequencies (p and q )arrow_forward
- In a population of locusts, the mean wing length is 47 mm, the selection gradient on wing length is β = 0.12/mm, the phenotypic variance for wing length is P = 3.6 mm2, and the heritability of wing length is h2 = 0.27. In addition, we know that the additive genetic covariance between wing and leg length is 0.60 mm2. What is the expected evolutionary change in mean leg length due to selection on both wings and legs? Repeat these calculations to predict what will happen to wing length as a result of the selection on both wings and legs. What do you predict the average wing and leg lengths will be in the next generation?arrow_forwardYou have just started working in a field research laboratory focused on a species of Redtailed Hawks. They have been trying to understand the heritability of wingspan in this species. They’ve studied them in 2 different contexts. In the wild, and in an indoor enclosure that is temperature controlled and provides them with a standardized diet, eliminating environmental variance. In the wild, the total variance was determined to be 24 inches. In the enclosure, total variance between subjects was found to be 8 inches.In the enclosure, what is the VEnvironmental They ask you to figure out what the VEnvironmental (environmental variance) is for the hawks in the wild. (Hint: First identify Vgenetic in the enclosure. What is the heritability of wingspan in the wild?arrow_forwardWhy are monozygotic twins who are reared apart so useful in the calculation of heritability?arrow_forward
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