Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 27.4, Problem 2MQ
Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3 regions of the heavy-chain and light-chain variable domains.
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For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a large number of V gene segments, and relatively few J and/or D segments that rearrange to form the final coding sequence for each gene. The TCR a locus is different in this regard, and this difference is thought to reflect the fact that nearly all a:b T-cell receptors recognize a peptide bound to an MHC molecule. This unique feature of the T-cell receptor a locus is:
The presence of only five different Va gene segments
The presence of two different Ca coding sequences
The presence of over sixty different Ja gene segments
The absence of D gene segments
The large sequence distance separating the Va gene segments from the Ja gene segments
Chapter 27 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 27.1 - Distinguish between clonal deletion and clonal...Ch. 27.1 - QWhy is it necessary that all three defining...Ch. 27.2 - Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of...Ch. 27.2 - Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and...Ch. 27.2 - Give an example for each: natural and artificial...Ch. 27.2 - QWhat properties are required for a vaccine to...Ch. 27.3 - Summarize antibody production starting with...Ch. 27.3 - Differentiate among antibody classes using...
Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.3 - QDescribe the structural and functional...Ch. 27.4 - Draw a complete Ig molecule and identify...Ch. 27.4 - Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3...Ch. 27.4 - Describe the recombination events that produce a...Ch. 27.4 - QWhich Ig chains are used to construct a complete...Ch. 27.5 - Identify the cells that display MHC class I and...Ch. 27.5 - Compare the MHC I and MHC II protein structures...Ch. 27.5 - Define the sequence of events for processing and...Ch. 27.5 - QDescribe the basic structure of class I and class...Ch. 27.6 - Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to...Ch. 27.6 - How does a single MHC protein present many...Ch. 27.6 - QPolymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.7 - Identify diversity-generating mechanisms unique to...Ch. 27.7 - Describe and compare the structural features of Ig...Ch. 27.7 - QWhat diversity-generating mechanisms function to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the mechanism used by Tc cells to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the effector system (the cell-killing...Ch. 27.8 - Compare and contrast the roles and activities of...Ch. 27.8 - QWhat mechanism do Tc cells use to identify and...Ch. 27.9 - Discriminate between immediate hypersensitivity...Ch. 27.9 - Provide examples and mechanisms for an...Ch. 27.9 - QHow do immediate and delayed-type...Ch. 27.10 - Describe the binding site for superantigens on T...Ch. 27.10 - Compare and contrast the immunodeficiency observed...Ch. 27.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 27 - Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2AQCh. 27 - Polymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27 - What problems would arise if a person had a...
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- Variable addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between gene segments contributes to the diversity of [Qi] the third hypervariable region. The addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between V, D, and J gene segments creates antibody proteins with wide variations in the numbers of amino acids in their CDR3 regions. This variability in CDR3 length is important as: Overall variability in CDR3 sequence is needed to create a sufficiently diverse antibody repertoire. The CDR3 region is more important in binding antigen than the CDR1 and CDR2 regions are. Some light chains bind better to heavy chains with longer CDR3 region sequences. Longer CDR3 sequences generally create antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen. Some antibodies bind relatively flat surfaces and others bind deep clefts in the antigen.arrow_forwardIn the 1980s, a mutant strain of mice was identified, carrying amino acid changes in the MHC class II gene. This mutant strain was derived from C57Bl/6 mice, which carry the H-2b haplotype. Inbred H-2b mice express only one MHC class II protein, called Ab. The mutant strain, called ‘bm12’ was found to have 3 amino acid changes in the Ab protein, at positions 67, 70, and 71 of the Aβ chain. The positions of these amino acid changes on the MHC class II structure are shown below by the red circles in Figure Q6.30A. On the right, the side view diagram of MHC class II shows the direction of these three amino acid side chains. Initial experiments with wild-type C57Bl/6 mice and bm12 mice showed that the wild-type mice made a robust CD4 T cell response after immunization with the insulin protein isolated from a cow; in contrast, the bm12 mice failed to make any detectable response to this foreign protein. Epitope mapping studies identified amino acid residues 1–14 of the bovine insulin A…arrow_forwardThere are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar three-dimensional structures. Both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules are highly polymorphic genes in the human population, with tens to hundreds of different alleles co-existing in the population. This means that a comparison of the MHC protein sequences between two individuals would reveal amino acid differences between one individual and the next. However, these amino acid differences are not randomly distributed along the entire protein, but are clustered in certain locations. In the figure below, the diagram that most correctly indicates the regions of greatest variability between different MHC proteins (shown by the red highlights) is:arrow_forward
- In the table below, T cell proliferation was measured after 4 days of incubation of T cells, APCs, +/- SEB. If one isolated the T cells at the end of the incubation for the six conditions in which robust proliferation was seen (Rows 2, 3, 5–8), and stained the T cells with each antibody (separately) from a panel of antibodies that recognize each of the mouse Vb domains (i.e., an antibody to Vb1, an antibody to Vb2, etc), what result would be expected?arrow_forwardIn a set of experiments, T cells from wild-type (WT) or bm12 mice were mixed in vitro with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in the presence or absence of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and T cell proliferation was measured. The data from these experiments are shown in the figure below. What is the explanation for the results in Rows 1–4 of the table?. Why does the T cell response to SEB (Rows 5–8) show a different pattern than the response to bovine insulin? Note: Epitope mapping studies identified amino acid residues 1–14 of the bovine insulin A chain as the peptide recognized by CD4 T cells from wild-type mice.arrow_forwardAntibody diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, each of which contributes to the generation of antibodies with up to 1011 different amino acid sequences in their antigen-binding sites. Several of these mechanisms involve changes in the DNA sequences encoding the antibody heavy and light chain proteins. One mechanism that does not rely on changes to the DNA within the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene loci is, instead, dependent on: The contributions of amino acids from both the heavy chain and the light chain to form the antigen-binding site The random usage of V, D, and J gene segments to form the heavy chain V region sequence The random usage of k light chains versus l light chains to pair with the heavy chain The activity of TdT to add random nucleotides at the junctions between the V, J, and D region sequences The fact that heavy chain V regions contain an extra gene segment encoded by the D region compared to light chain V regionsarrow_forward
- B-cell development in the bone marrow is an inherently wasteful process. Nearly half of the pro-B cells produced will die without progressing to the next stage of development. This massive loss of pro-B cells is due to detrimental DJH rearrangements on both alleles of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. the failure of the pro-B cell to make a complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain protein. the inability of many pro-B cells to proceed with rearranging a V₁ to their rearranged DJH sequence. the failure of many pro-B cells to up-regulate Pax5 and become committed to the B-cell lineage.arrow_forwardThe expression of MHC class II molecules is restricted to a small number of cell types. A. What are these cell types? B. Which of these cell types populate the thymus or circulate through it, and what role do they play in mediating positive and/or negative selection? C. Can you explain why it would be detrimental for noncirculating cells that populate tissues and glands to express MHC class II molecules?arrow_forwardExplain the role of isotype exclusion in pro-B cells.arrow_forward
- To distinguish between two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells, first function is that CD8a+ needed for the cross-presentation of antigens and then to be presented to the MHC I; and the second function is that the viral antigens are brought to the draining lymph nodes with the help CD8a+ dendritic cells. a set of wild-type and Batf3-/- mice are immunized with 100 PFU of WNV in the left footpad. At day 7 post-infection, the left popliteal LN are isolated from the mice, and the CD4 T cells in these LN populations are tested for responses to a WNV peptide bound to MHC class II (peptide Y). As a negative control, an MHC class II-binding peptide from ova is used. These results are shown in the figure below. Do these results rule in/out either of the two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells indicated at the begining of this paragraph? Why or why not?arrow_forwardin several populations, SNPs were genotyped for the major histocompatibility class (MHC) II region in a large number of human couples. Each individual was compared with another random individual of the opposite sex and a mean relatedness coefficient calculated, where a positive value indicates more related than average. This was repeated 100,000 times and the results were plotted as a blue histogram for each population. The mean measure of relatedness at the MHC class II region was then calculated for actual couples, and plotted as a red vertical line. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Couples in the UK are more dissimilar at the MHC than couples in Spain B. Couples in the Netherlands are more dissimilar at the MHC than couples in Israel C. Couples in the Netherlands are more similar at the MHC than couples in Israel D. There is less diversity at the MHC class II region between the individuals from Belgium compared to between the…arrow_forwardIn the figure below, which close-up view of these two V domains has the amino acid sequences most important for antigen-binding highlighted correctly in red?arrow_forward
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