BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 26, Problem 2S
Summary Introduction
To find: The greater threat to human health among antigenic drift in influenza viruses or antigenic shift in influenza virus.
Introduction: The diseases caused by viral infections are categorized into acute or persistent infections. This classification is based on how the viruses are produced rapidly and frequently and on the appearance of the associated symptoms.
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What are the immune responses to viral infections? What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic? The “Spanish Flu” in 1918 was caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. What do the “H” and “N” stand for?
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c) Discuss 'antigenic drift' and 'antigenic shift' in the influenza virus and explain how such
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Chapter 26 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 26.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 26.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 26.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 26.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 26.3 - Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their...Ch. 26.4 - Describe the differences between acute and...Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 26.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 26.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 26 - Prob. 1UCh. 26 - Prob. 2UCh. 26 - Prob. 3UCh. 26 - Prob. 4UCh. 26 - Why is a drug that blocks HIV binding to one of...Ch. 26 - Prob. 6UCh. 26 - Prob. 7UCh. 26 - Prob. 1ACh. 26 - Prob. 2ACh. 26 - Prob. 3ACh. 26 - Prob. 4ACh. 26 - Prob. 5ACh. 26 - Prob. 6ACh. 26 - Prob. 7ACh. 26 - E. coli lysogens derived from infection by phage ...Ch. 26 - Prob. 2SCh. 26 - Prob. 3SCh. 26 - Prob. 4SCh. 26 - Prob. 5S
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- Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sitesarrow_forwardWhy might you expect an influenza epidemic to be more severe following an antigenic shift in the virus rather than after antigenic drift?arrow_forwardYearly vaccination is the primary means of preventing and controlling flu outbreaks. Here 'yearly' is important because: New vaccines with better efficacy are produced each year Circulating strains of influenza viruses change from year to year New vaccines with up-to-date strain components are produced each year Who is at higher risk of developing severe pneumonia when infected with SARS-CoV-2? An undergraduate A student at high-school A 6-month-old baby A 70 years old man with diabetes and high blood pressurearrow_forward
- How does SARS-COV2 virus affect the respiratory system? How does it specifically cause COVID-19 disease? Do you think the upcoming vaccines are the real solution to the global pandemic? Explain.arrow_forwardExplain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.arrow_forwardCompare Influenza A, Influenza B, SARS-Cov2, and a common cold virus. Include: Structure (Envelope? Spikes? Genome? Entry and exit mechanism?) What is the specific antigen on the virus that the immune system recognizes? How does it spread? What are the symptoms? What causes the seasonality? How to prevent infection?arrow_forward
- The 2020 flu shot is an _____ virus vaccine made against three _____ of influenza predicted to cause this season's epidemic. A)attenuated; strains B)inactivated; strains C)inactivated; species D)attenuated; speciesarrow_forwardEfforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forwardAn outbreak of Ebola between 2014 and 2016 resulted in 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. An additional 36 cases and 15 deaths were reported outside these 3 countries. This deadly disease urged the need for extensive research on Ebola to better understand and treat the disease and prevent future outbreaks. Ebola is a - SSRNA virus. What does this mean for how it is converted into proteins? Does this virus require additional machinery to be infectious? Can you hypothesize based on how it replicates in the cell what scientists might hope to target for treatment or prevention of Ebola?arrow_forward
- What is the major difference between common cold and flu? Why has no vaccine been developed for the common cold?arrow_forwardThe emergence of new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine had been reported in a number of African and Asian countries, revealing that there are now more children being paralyzed by viruses originating in vaccines than in the wild. Viral contamination of a biological may arise from many factors, from handling to the origin of the materials used in the cell culture. a What could be the reason for the outbreak in those countries? D) The method of producing attenuated “live" vaccines involve passing the disease- tausing virus through a series of cell cultures or animal embryos (typically chick embryos). Explain the procedure in details and cite the reason why the method involve passing a virus through a non-human host?arrow_forwardWhat is the Coronavirus? Is it a living organism? How does it reproduce? The current vaccines that are being distributed in the United States are made by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson. Explain how they work and how health officials believe they will aid in the pandemic? What should we expect as more and more people get vaccinated? Will things immediately go back to the way they were before? What is the Delta variant and how is it impeding on getting things back to "normal"?arrow_forward
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