Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2.5, Problem 1CR
List several functions of the outer membrane in gram-negative Bacteria. What is the chemical composition of lipid A?
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Match the definitions with the words:
Direct Diffusion, Facilitated Transport, Active Transport
a) passive movement of molecules through a protein channel, down the solute's concentration gradient
b) using a vesicle to move many molecules into a cell
c) movement of molecules through a protein transporter, requires ATP, against the solute's concentration gradient
Which portion of the phosphatidylinositol molecule contributes to (a) fluidity of the bilayer and (b) the surface polarity of the bilayer?
While endocytosis and exocytosis refer to the direction in which a vesicle moves into and out of a cell respectively, it is
important to think about what is being moved with and within the vesicles. To demonstrate how this process is utilized
in human cells we will focus on the human body's insulin response. The purpose of the insulin response is to create a
pathway for glucose entry into cells by releasing glucose transporters into the membrane.
Cell Type #1- insulin producers: In humans, pancreatic B-cells create steroid insulin that can be packaged into vesicles
starting at the ER. These vesicles are prepared for exocytosis so that the insulin can be released from the pancreatic B -
cells and get into the bloodstream when signaled to do so. When glucose is present in the blood stream these cells will
release the pre-packed insulin into the blood stream.
Cell Type #2- insulin responders: Other cells do not produce insulin but instead respond when they have received the
insulin signal…
Chapter 2 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 2.1 - How do cocci and rods differ in morphology?Ch. 2.1 - Using a microscope, could you differentiate a...Ch. 2.1 - What are the major morphologies of prokaryotic...Ch. 2.2 - What physical property of cells increases as cells...Ch. 2.2 - How can the small size and haploid genome of...Ch. 2.2 - What are the approximate limits to how small a...Ch. 2.2 - How large can a bacterium be? How small? Why is it...Ch. 2.3 - Draw the basic structure of a lipid bilayer and...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.3 - Prob. 3MQ
Ch. 2.3 - Describe in a single sentence the structure of a...Ch. 2.4 - Why do bacterial cells need cell walls? Do all...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.4 - What do the enzyme lysozyme and the antibiotic...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.5 - List several functions of the outer membrane in...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.7 - Chapter Review How can type IV pili facilitate...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.8 - Chapter Review Why would it be impossible for...Ch. 2.8 - Chapter Review How are magnetosomes and the...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.10 - In a few sentences, indicate how the bacterial...Ch. 2.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.12 - Contrast the mechanism for motility in...Ch. 2.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.13 - Chapter Review How does scotophobotaxis differ...Ch. 2.13 - In a few sentences, explain how a swimming...Ch. 2.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.14 - List at least three features of eukaryotic cells...Ch. 2.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.15 - How are the mitochondrion and the hydrogenosome...Ch. 2.16 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.16 - Describe the major functions of the endoplasmic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1AQCh. 2 - Assume you are given two cultures, one of a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3AQ
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- Why is it advantageous for the cell membrane to be fluid in nature?arrow_forwardSteroids such as Estrogen or Testosterone are lipids which are found in the cytoplasm of living cells. They can pass across (dissolve in) the proto cell and prokaryote phospholipid bilayer because they: a) perform dehydration synthesis, b) dissolve in water, c) are ionic, d) they a soluble in the Fatty Acids of the bilayer, e) none are true.arrow_forwardA) how does a phospholipid differ from a fat? Why is this important for the cells lipid by layer? B) what is the difference between active and passive transport?arrow_forward
- Biological membranes are often described using the fluid mosaic model. What are three defining characteristics of this model.arrow_forward1) Draw a model of the plasma membrane to form a cell. Include a tube embedded in the membrane. Show 2 water molecules inside the cell and 12 water molecules outside the cell. Indicate which way the water will move through the aquaporin with an arrow. a) Using your knowledge of membrane transport, which direction will the water molecules move through the aquaporin? Why? b) Why would water have a difficult time crossing the cell membrane? Keep in mind the structure of water in your answer. 2) Develop an explanation for the necessity of having kinks in the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids that make up cell membranes. a) Develop an explanation for the necessity of having kinks in the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids that make up cell membranes.arrow_forwardHow are the membrane lipids of Bacteria and Archaea similar,and how do they differ?arrow_forward
- Why do they do not penetrate through the lipid bilayer?arrow_forwardLiposomes used in COVID vaccines also contain phospholipids like those in the plasma membrane of human cells which mediate fusion of the two membranes. By fusion, we mean that the liposome and plasma membranes become contiguous, or become one membrane. What drives the process of fusion once the two membranes are close enough to each other?arrow_forward45. Which statement does NOT describe a strategy used by multicellular animals to maintain osmotic balance with their surroundings? A) Cells have a contractile vacuole, an organelle that pumps water out of the cell. B) Animals have a high concentration of albumin and other proteins in blood plasma. C) Cells actively pump out Na" and other ions. D) Cells store fuel as a polysaccharide instead of as simple sugars. E) All of the statements describe a strategy to maintain osmotic balance.arrow_forward
- 1)What is the second type of lipid that plays a major role in the plasma membrane? This lipid does not have polar and nonpolar regions (its not amphiphilic) but plays a critical role in membrane permeability. A)Triglycerdies B) Steriod hormones c) cholesterol 2) In _______________, a single substrate/solute move from a high concentration area to a lower concentration are without the aid of any additional molecules. A) Diffusion B)Facilitated diffusion C) Cotransport 3)Channel proteins require a confirmational change in order to properly function. A) Hydrophilic B) ionic C) Polararrow_forwardParamecium caudatum lives in a hypotonic solution. Excess water is removed from the cell via structures called contractile vacuoles. Given what you know about vacuoles (refer to Table 3.3, p. 68) and what you know about cells able to contract, suggest the type of transport that occurs when water is moved out of Paramecium.arrow_forwardA transmembrane protein contains a stretch of amino acids that crosses the plasma membrane. The side chains of the amino acids that associate with the phospholipid tails are: A) electronegative B) hydrophobic C) ionic D) polar E) hydrophilicarrow_forward
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