Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2.2, Problem 2MQ
- How can the small size and haploid genome of Bacteria and Archaea accelerate their evolution?
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How can the small size and haploid genome of Bacteria andArchaea accelerate their evolution?
The extra energy required for the evolution of the highly complex eukaryotic cell was possible because:
a) mesosomes released enzymes into the nucleus
b) two types of prokaryotic bacteria became endo symbiotic invaders of the complex cells
c) the DNA of the eukaryote cell functions within the nucleoid area
d) chloroplasts were able to use O2 to conduct photosynthesis
e) the space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane contained mitochondria
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 2.1 - How do cocci and rods differ in morphology?Ch. 2.1 - Using a microscope, could you differentiate a...Ch. 2.1 - What are the major morphologies of prokaryotic...Ch. 2.2 - What physical property of cells increases as cells...Ch. 2.2 - How can the small size and haploid genome of...Ch. 2.2 - What are the approximate limits to how small a...Ch. 2.2 - How large can a bacterium be? How small? Why is it...Ch. 2.3 - Draw the basic structure of a lipid bilayer and...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.3 - Prob. 3MQ
Ch. 2.3 - Describe in a single sentence the structure of a...Ch. 2.4 - Why do bacterial cells need cell walls? Do all...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.4 - What do the enzyme lysozyme and the antibiotic...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.5 - List several functions of the outer membrane in...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.7 - Chapter Review How can type IV pili facilitate...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.8 - Chapter Review Why would it be impossible for...Ch. 2.8 - Chapter Review How are magnetosomes and the...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.10 - In a few sentences, indicate how the bacterial...Ch. 2.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 2.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.12 - Contrast the mechanism for motility in...Ch. 2.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.13 - Chapter Review How does scotophobotaxis differ...Ch. 2.13 - In a few sentences, explain how a swimming...Ch. 2.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.14 - List at least three features of eukaryotic cells...Ch. 2.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.15 - How are the mitochondrion and the hydrogenosome...Ch. 2.16 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.16 - Describe the major functions of the endoplasmic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1AQCh. 2 - Assume you are given two cultures, one of a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3AQ
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- In the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, these cells have evolved key changes that include which of the following: a) These cells reproduce by copying their DNA perfectly each generation b) They have their DNA in the nucleoid area c) They have adapted the mesosome membrane system of the prokaryote to form a nucleus and an endoplasmic reticulum d) each new type of new eukaryote cell has its mRNA unchanged from its original mRNA e) none of these are truearrow_forwardUnder the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The ancestor of mitochondria and chloroplasts original became part of mutualism with a larger host cell. Which of the following best explains this mutualism? A) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided specialized reproduction as part of the proto-germ line while the larger host cell provided energy for growth and reproduction. B) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided gene products that could be used by the larger host cell for improved parasitization. C) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided molecular energy in return for protection by the larger host cell. D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts produce toxins that the larger cell utilized to defend itself from other cells mutually increasing the defense of all those involved.arrow_forwardAll of the following statements are true about the3-domain classification system EXCEPT:(a) The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.(b) Lateral gene transfer has forced us to rethink our do-main model from a “tree of life” to a “shrub of life.”(c) Domains are higher than the category of kingdoms.(d) Compared to Bacteria, Archaea inhabit the same en-virons and have the same amount of peptidoglycan intheir cell walls.(e) All of the above are true.arrow_forward
- In comparing bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which statement below among A - D is false? A) O the members of two of these three groups comprise cells that lack a nuclear membrane B) O archaea and eukaryotes share some similarities in the componeents of gene expression C) O having diverse types of metabolism is a feature of the members of archaea and bacteria D) Oa cytoplasmic membrane is a feature shared by all the cells in these three groups E) OA-E are all truearrow_forwardThe membrane structure that eventually evolved into the double nuclear membrane of the eukaryotes first appears in the: A) Chemical evolution, B) Prokaryotes, C) Eukaryotes, D) the protocell, E) Plants.arrow_forwardThe theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was first proposed by the biologist Lynn Which of the following statements provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis? 1. All the genes found in chloroplasts are homologous to genes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell. 2. Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes. 3. Proteins need a targeting sequence to be imported into a chloroplast. 4. Mitochondria can generate a proton gradient and harness it to synthesize ATP. O A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.arrow_forward
- How can horizontal gene transfer influence evolution? Would you be able to detect it using phylogeny? What about horizontal gene transfer makes reading bacterial trees difficult?arrow_forwardDescribe the Theory of Endosymbiosis. a) Briefly define the Endosymbiotic Theory. 2 pts,b) Explain why the Theory of Endosymbiosis is considered a “theory” and not a “hypothesis.” 3 pts,c) Provide a description of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including at least 4 similarities and 4 structural differences. 4 pts,d) Describe the sequence of events with anaerobic ancestral proto-eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes that led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells. (Be sure to define aerobic and anaerobic respiration.) 6 pts,e) Explain how each, the anaerobic ancestral proto-eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes, benefited from the relationship. 4 pts,f) Describe 7 pieces of evidence for this scientific theory. Some of this evidence will consist of a list of similarities between mitochondria characteristics and bacteria characteristics. Along with this list of similarities, explain HOW the characteristics are similar. 10 pts,g) The Endosymbiotic Theory…arrow_forwardAccording to Lynn Margulis's theory of endosymbiosis, bacteria entered large cells either as parasites or as undigested prey as illustrated. All the following are proof that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria, except: Endosymbiosis in a nutshell: 1. Start with two 2. One bacterium engulfs the other. 3. One bacterium now lives inside the other. independent bacteria. 4. Both bacteria benefit from the arrangement. 5. The internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation. O a they each have a double membrane they have chromosomes similar in shape to their host they are the size of bacteria their DNA is different from its hostarrow_forward
- What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?arrow_forwardThe fact that a prokaryote has the ability to make a new protein that is placed in the cell membrane of the mesosome is important to the process of evolution because this represents a) the mutation of a gene, b) new DNA producing a new genetic variation, c) r RNA using a new type of m RNA, d) the species having a greater degree of genetic variability, e) all are truearrow_forward14) The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria. B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts. C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolved into the nucleus. D) acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi.arrow_forward
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Endosymbiotic Theory; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU;License: Standard Youtube License