Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
(b)
Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes. The process of glycolysis is a ten-step process in which each step is catalyzed by enzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
In the cleavage reaction, the carbon-carbon bond is cleaved to form a new bond between carbon and oxygen atom.
(c)
Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group
(d)
Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.
Enzymes are defined as specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate the biochemical reactions to produce the substances that are needed for cells for their proper functioning and are very specific to their action.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- Which nutrient provides energy in its most concentrated form?arrow_forwardwhich coenzyme will accept two hydrogen atoms in order to form an alkene? a. FADH2 b. FAD c. ATP d. NADH/H+ e. NAD+arrow_forward5. The central substance of carbohydrate metabolism is a. glucose b. galactose c. fructose d. more than one choice is correctarrow_forward
- 3. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Enzymes speed up the attainment of a reaction equilibrium. B. Enzymes make reactions 10³ to 1020 times faster. C. Enzymes are proteins. D. Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed for a reaction. E. Enzymes are chemically unchanged during the actual catalytic process. 4. The polar head of cerebroside in the membrane can form a. Hydrogen bonds b. lon-dipole interactions c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B with water molecule.arrow_forward2. These are known as metabolic reactions in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones A. Anabolic reaction B. Catabolic reaction C. Metabolic reaction D. All of the above E. None of the abovearrow_forwardIn the electron transport chain, the hydrogen ions enter the inner compartment of mitochondria through special channels formed by A. ATP synthase. B. coenzyme A. C. acetyl CoA. D. oxygen.arrow_forward
- 1. What is glycolysis? 2. Discuss the steps involved in glycolysis. 3. What are the enzymes used in each step? 4. Identify the chemical reactions in each step. 5. In which steps are coenzymes used? 6. In which steps are ATP used to activate the process? 7. In which steps are ATP produced? 8. How many ATPs are produced in the glycolysis of glucose molecule? Show the computations. 9. Show how the ATP is computed in the glycolysis process.arrow_forward6. An element used in the body in the form of ions or compounds. a. anabolism b. catabolism Oc. complete protein Od. complex carbohydrate e. macronutrient f. major mineral g. metabolism h. micronutrient Di. mineral Oj. mitochondria k. nutrition I. trace mineralarrow_forwardQuestion 5. The biosynthesis of fatty acids involves an enzyme-catalyzed hydrogenation of an a,ß-unsaturated thioester to the saturated fatty acid intermediate mediated by NADPH+. However, the reverse oxidation reaction during fatty acid metabolism requires a different cofactor FAD. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis a) Draw the structure of FAD. H flocon SCOA H SR + FAD - FADH₂ hydrogenation (reduction) NADPH+, H+ dehydrogenation (oxidation) FAD Fatty Acid Metabolism b) Draw a detailed mechanism of the dehydrogenation of fatty acyl-CoA by FAD (you can abbreviate AD as R). H SRarrow_forward
- In Q -6 4 -2 -10 -20 -30 40 -50 Questions 7-9 refer to the same reaction depicted in the graph ove. Shown is a graph of AG by In(Q) for a reaction in glycolysis. Which reaction does this graph most likely describe? O Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate O 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate O Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate O 2-phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → pyruvate + ATP Assume AG = -32 kJ/mol when Q = 1. Calculate AG in kJ/mol to the nearest tenth when Q = 7.0 and T =25°C. Input the value (without units) into the box below. AG (kJ/mol)arrow_forwardWhy is the conversion of lactic acid from the blood into glucose in the liver in an organism’s best interest?arrow_forwardGlucose is the preferred energy source of the brain, Why?arrow_forward
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