Chapter 23.5, Problem CQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Factor that accounts for the pyramidalization geometry of $N{H}_2$ group present in aniline has to be identified from the given options.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

• ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital.
• ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
• $\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.