Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 22, Problem 22.2CC
The poison produced by some species of Central and South American poison dart frogs, called batrachotoxin, binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and maintains them in an open state. Predict what would happen if a neuron were exposed to batrachotoxin. Explain your answer.
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The graph shows a tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential in a typical neuron. Predict the effect of exposure to the following neurotoxins. Briefly explain how you would expect the action potential to change in the presence of each toxin and why.
A toxin produced by puffer fish which specifically binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel.
A toxin found in scoprion venom which slows the closure of voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation gates.
Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any change is due only to the presence of the toxin
Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may differ from the typical trace shown is expected.
Experimenters injected bark scorpion venom into mouse neurons and measured how many action potentials were generated after the venom was introduced.
Is it possible that the venom could be affecting the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel?
What effect could the venom have on a voltage-gated potassium channel to produce this result?
A person is given a drug that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the plasma membrane of a neuron. Write: What effect would this have on the ability of the neuron to depolarize?
Chapter 22 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 22 - Ouabain is an African plant derivative that has...Ch. 22 - You have isolated a toxin from a previously...Ch. 22 - The poison produced by some species of Central and...Ch. 22 - Drugs that affect the reuptake of...Ch. 22 - The Truth About Nerve Cells. For each of the...Ch. 22 - QUANTITATIVE The Resting Membrane Potential. The...Ch. 22 - QUANTITATIVE Patch Clamping. Patch-clamp...Ch. 22 - The Equilibrium Potential. Answer each of the...Ch. 22 - QUANTITATIVE Heart Throbs. An understanding of...Ch. 22 - The All-or-None Response of Membrane Excitation. A...
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- There is a type of toxin found in the liver of the puffer fish that prevents the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels in neurons. The effect of this toxin is to: Group of answer choices A. prevents the initiation of the action potential B. depolarizes the membrane potential and maintains it depolarized C. prolongs the return of the membrane potential to the resting level D. increases the duration of the action potentialarrow_forwardIn an experiment, the extracellular [Na+] surrounding a nerve cell was reduced from 145 to 45 mM. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this on action potentials? No action potentials would occur because the concentration of extracellular Na+ is too low. The membrane potential would become more negative so the threshold for action potential generation could not be reached. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarisation phase would be slower. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarization phase would be more rapid.arrow_forwardFigure 1 shows the action potential graph recorded from a rat neurone and the potential changes obtained from the rat neurone when the concentration of potassium ([K*]out) and calcium ([Ca²+]out) are varied extracellularly in the bathing solution. (i) In the resting state, is the neuronal permeability to potassium more than, less than or equal to that of the permeability to calcium? Explain your answer. (ii) Vm 'The calcium ion concentrations are lower inside the cell than outside.' Justify this statement based on the graphs and the Nernst equation assuming the temperature is at 25 °C. Vm 30 0 -30 30 0- -30 0 50 AP overshoot [K+ lout 100 150 time (msec) 30 RP Figure 1 0- -30 AP overshoot RP 200 250 AP overshoot {Ca²+ Jout RParrow_forward
- After discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of pufferfish poisoning. The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins because it exerts its effects on neurons. The specific action of tetrodotoxin is that it blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Define the following phrases and terms associated with the signs and symptoms of Dr. Westwood’s TTX poisoning: diaphoresis motor dysfunction paresthesias cyanotic hypoventilating bradycardia gastric lavage oxygen saturation As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel and what is its function? When nerve cells are at rest, there is an unequal amount of positive and negative charges on either side of a nerve cell membrane. This charge difference creates an electrical potential.…arrow_forwardAcetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is responsible for initiating muscle movement. Consider the scenario where a mouse was bitten by a snake that injected venom into their circulatory system. The venom has an inhibitory effect on the reuptake of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. Explain how the mouse’s body would respond to the venom as well as the venoms effect at the cellular level.arrow_forwardThe venom of many cobras contains a potent neurotoxin that binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels,causing them to open. Unlike ACh, which binds to and then rapidly unbinds from ligand-gated Na+ channels, the neurotoxin tends to remain bound to ligand-gated Na+ channels. How does this neurotoxin affect the nervous system’s ability to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction? How does it affect the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to respond to stimulation?arrow_forward
- Patch clamping is a technique to record the electrical potential or to measure currents generated by ions moving across the cell membrane. The figure shows the patch clamp records of a neurone before (control) and after treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) from pufferfish. TTX most like binds to and blocks Control inward current 50 pA 5 ms TTX voltage-gated sodium channels voltage-gated chloride channels sodium potassium pumps nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alpha adrenergic receptors muscarinic acetylcholine receptors beta adrenergic receptorsarrow_forwardFill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Insidearrow_forwardConsider what happens in a segment of membrane during an action potential. In the first column, drag and drop the stages of change in the membrane potential during an action potential. In the second column, match the ion channels related to the membrane stages. A membrane starts at: Resting Membrane Potential lon channels involved voltage-gated potassium channels open Then goes to Depolarization voltage-gated channels closed Then to voltage-gated sodium channels open Then to Resting Repolarizationarrow_forward
- Consider the following three diagrams of a nerve cell membrane. They show resting potential, depolarization, and hyperpolarization. Figure out which one is which, then draw them in the order they occur in a cell that undergoes an action potential outside + Na* inside K* Na* Nat K Nat K Na potential: -80 mV outside + Na K* Na* inside Na+ K Nat Na* K+ potential: +30 mV outside Na Na Na Na* K+ inside K* Na* Kt potential: -70 mVarrow_forwardImagine that you are a scientist testing the action potential conduction rates in two different nerve fibers, and you notice that one fiber conducts signals at a significantly faster rate than the other. What is the most likely difference between the two?arrow_forwardWhich of the following situations correctly illustrates the all-or-none principle? Select one: o a. A smaller voltage change will result in a smaller nerve impulse. o b. A stronger impulse can be generated by increasing the number of open voltage-gated sodium channels during depolarization. O C. A greater voltage change and a smaller voltage change will result in the same action potential as long as the threshold potential has been reached. o d. A faster impulse can be generated with a voltage change that is greater than the threshold potential.arrow_forward
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