Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
bartleby

Concept explainers

bartleby

Videos

Textbook Question
Book Icon
Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Distinguish between normal and branched hydrocarbons. What is an alkane? What is a cyclic alkane? What are the two general formulas for alkanes? What is the hybridization of carbon atoms in alkanes? What are the bond angles in alkanes? Why are cyclopropane and cyclobutane so reactive?

The normal (unbranched) hydrocarbons are often referred to as straight-chain hydrocarbons. What does this name refer to? Does it mean that the carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon really have a linear arrangement? Explain. In the shorthand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. How do you determine the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon in a ring structure?

Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The answers of various questions related to hydrocarbons are to be stated.

Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Answer

The given questions have been rightfully answered.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

To explain: The answers of various questions related to hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds.

The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be straight chain, branched chain or cyclic molecules.

The difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is that saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds between the atoms.

In normal straight-chain hydrocarbons, carbon atoms form long chains while in branched hydrocarbons, hydrogen attached to carbon is substituted by any other group.

When the hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, then they are known as alkanes. The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2 . Alkanes having one or more ring of carbon atoms is present in their structure are known as cycloalkanes. Their general formula is CnH2n .

The hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is sp3 .

All the carbon atoms in alkanes are joined by single bonds, thus its hybridization is sp3 .

In alkanes, each carbon atom forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms a single bond with a carbon atom. The bonding around each carbon is tetrahedral, therefore all the bond angles are 109.5°

The carbon atoms in cyclopropane form an equilateral triangle with a bond angle of 60° .

The carbon atoms in cyclobutane form an equilateral square and the bond angle is 88° due to angle strain. Cyclobutane and cyclopropane are reactive because the sp3 hybridized orbitals do not overlap head to head like in alkanes. Therefore, the C-C bonds are weak making them reactive.

Straight chain hydrocarbon does not mean that they have a linear arrangement

The number of hydrogens in cyclic alkanes is calculated by its general formula.

In short hand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. They can be determined by the general formula of cyclic alkanes. Their general formula is CnH2n .

For example, in butane, four carbon atoms are present.

The value of n=4 .

Therefore, the number of hydrogen atoms =2×4=8

Conclusion

Conclusion

Hydrocarbons are simplest organic compounds and the hybridization of carbon atom in alkanes is sp3 .

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
1. Using the grignard reaction of alkanes what is the resulting alkane if the reactant is C4H9Br? a. ethane b. propane c. butane d. pentane   2. Using the grignard reaction of alkanes what is the resulting alkane if the reactant is C5H11F? a. ethane b. propane c. butane d. pentane   3. Using Cl2 in C2H4Cl2 will result in HCl and ______. a. C2H3Cl3 b. C2H4Cl3 c. C2H2Cl3 d. not posible
How does the structure of an alcohol differ from an ether? Describe how an aldehyde differs in structure from a ketone. Thiols are compounds which resemble alcohols, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. Draw the analogous thiol for the four carbon alcohol in Table 1.  Describe the structural difference between carboxylic acids and esters.  Are ethers polar molecules? Would you expect ethers to have higher or lower boiling points than alkanes (circle one)? Explain. Pentane (an alkane) has a boiling point of 36 °C. Does the data agree with your prediction? explain why this could be the case
The simplest form of organic molecules is alkanes. O True O False

Chapter 22 Solutions

Chemistry

Ch. 22 - Prob. 11RQCh. 22 - Describe the structural differences between DNA...Ch. 22 - Prob. 1QCh. 22 - Prob. 2QCh. 22 - Prob. 3QCh. 22 - Prob. 4QCh. 22 - Prob. 5QCh. 22 - Prob. 6QCh. 22 - Prob. 7QCh. 22 - Give an example reaction that would yield the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9QCh. 22 - Prob. 10QCh. 22 - Prob. 11QCh. 22 - Prob. 12QCh. 22 - Is the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure...Ch. 22 - Prob. 14QCh. 22 - Prob. 15ECh. 22 - Prob. 16ECh. 22 - Draw all the structural isomers for C8H18 that...Ch. 22 - Draw all the structural isomers for C8H18 that...Ch. 22 - Prob. 19ECh. 22 - Prob. 20ECh. 22 - Draw the structural formula for each of the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22ECh. 22 - Prob. 23ECh. 22 - Name each of the following cyclic alkanes, and...Ch. 22 - Prob. 25ECh. 22 - Draw the structures for two examples of...Ch. 22 - Name each of the following alkenes. a. CH2 = CH ...Ch. 22 - Name each of the following alkenes or alkynes. a....Ch. 22 - Prob. 29ECh. 22 - Give the structure for each of the following. a....Ch. 22 - Prob. 31ECh. 22 - Cumene is the starting material for the industrial...Ch. 22 - Name each of the following. a. b. CH3CH2CH2CCl3 c....Ch. 22 - Prob. 34ECh. 22 - There is only one compound that is named...Ch. 22 - Prob. 36ECh. 22 - Prob. 37ECh. 22 - Prob. 38ECh. 22 - Draw all the structural isomers of C5H10. Ignore...Ch. 22 - Prob. 40ECh. 22 - Draw all the structural and geometrical (cistrans)...Ch. 22 - Draw all the structural and geometrical (cistrans)...Ch. 22 - Draw all structural and geometrical (cistrans)...Ch. 22 - Prob. 44ECh. 22 - Prob. 45ECh. 22 - Prob. 46ECh. 22 - Prob. 47ECh. 22 - Prob. 48ECh. 22 - If one hydrogen in a hydrocarbon is replaced by a...Ch. 22 - There are three isomers of dichlorobenzene, one of...Ch. 22 - Identify each of the following compounds as a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 52ECh. 22 - Mimosine is a natural product found in large...Ch. 22 - Minoxidil (C9H15N5O) is a compound produced by...Ch. 22 - For each of the following alcohols, give the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 56ECh. 22 - Prob. 58ECh. 22 - Prob. 59ECh. 22 - Prob. 60ECh. 22 - Prob. 61ECh. 22 - Prob. 62ECh. 22 - Prob. 63ECh. 22 - Prob. 64ECh. 22 - Prob. 65ECh. 22 - Prob. 66ECh. 22 - Prob. 67ECh. 22 - Prob. 68ECh. 22 - Prob. 69ECh. 22 - Prob. 70ECh. 22 - Prob. 71ECh. 22 - Prob. 72ECh. 22 - Prob. 73ECh. 22 - Prob. 74ECh. 22 - Prob. 75ECh. 22 - Prob. 76ECh. 22 - Prob. 77ECh. 22 - Prob. 78ECh. 22 - Super glue contains methyl cyanoacrylate, which...Ch. 22 - Prob. 80ECh. 22 - Prob. 81ECh. 22 - Prob. 82ECh. 22 - Prob. 83ECh. 22 - Prob. 84ECh. 22 - Prob. 85ECh. 22 - Prob. 86ECh. 22 - Prob. 87ECh. 22 - Prob. 88ECh. 22 - Prob. 89ECh. 22 - Prob. 90ECh. 22 - Aspartame, the artificial sweetener marketed under...Ch. 22 - Prob. 92ECh. 22 - Prob. 93ECh. 22 - Draw the structures of the tripeptides glyalaser...Ch. 22 - Prob. 95ECh. 22 - Prob. 96ECh. 22 - Prob. 97ECh. 22 - In general terms, what does the tertiary structure...Ch. 22 - Give an example of amino acids that could give...Ch. 22 - What types of interactions can occur between the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 101ECh. 22 - Prob. 102ECh. 22 - Prob. 103ECh. 22 - Prob. 104ECh. 22 - Prob. 105ECh. 22 - Prob. 106ECh. 22 - Prob. 107ECh. 22 - Prob. 108ECh. 22 - Prob. 109ECh. 22 - Prob. 110ECh. 22 - Prob. 111ECh. 22 - Prob. 114ECh. 22 - Prob. 115ECh. 22 - Prob. 116ECh. 22 - Prob. 117ECh. 22 - Prob. 118ECh. 22 - The base sequences in mRNA that code for certain...Ch. 22 - Prob. 120ECh. 22 - Prob. 121AECh. 22 - Prob. 122AECh. 22 - Prob. 123AECh. 22 - Prob. 124AECh. 22 - Prob. 125AECh. 22 - Prob. 126AECh. 22 - Prob. 127AECh. 22 - Prob. 128AECh. 22 - Explain why methyl alcohol is soluble in water in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 130AECh. 22 - Prob. 131AECh. 22 - Prob. 132AECh. 22 - Prob. 133AECh. 22 - Prob. 134AECh. 22 - Prob. 135AECh. 22 - Prob. 136AECh. 22 - Prob. 137AECh. 22 - Prob. 138AECh. 22 - Prob. 139AECh. 22 - Prob. 140AECh. 22 - Prob. 141AECh. 22 - a. Use bond energies (see Table 3-3) to estimate H...Ch. 22 - Prob. 143AECh. 22 - Prob. 144AECh. 22 - All amino acids have at least two functional...Ch. 22 - Prob. 146AECh. 22 - Prob. 147AECh. 22 - In glycine, the carboxylic acid group has Ka = 4.3...Ch. 22 - Name each of the following alkanes. a....Ch. 22 - Prob. 150CWPCh. 22 - Name each of the following cyclic alkanes. a. b....Ch. 22 - Name each of the following alkenes and alkynes. a....Ch. 22 - a. Name each of the following alcohols. b. Name...Ch. 22 - Prob. 154CWPCh. 22 - Prob. 155CWPCh. 22 - Prob. 156CWPCh. 22 - Prob. 157CPCh. 22 - Estimate H for the following reactions using bond...Ch. 22 - Prob. 159CPCh. 22 - Prob. 160CPCh. 22 - Prob. 161CPCh. 22 - Consider a sample of a hydrocarbon at 0.959 atm...Ch. 22 - Prob. 163CPCh. 22 - Prob. 164CPCh. 22 - Prob. 165CPCh. 22 - Prob. 166CPCh. 22 - Prob. 167CPCh. 22 - Prob. 168CPCh. 22 - Prob. 169CPCh. 22 - Alcohols are very useful starting materials for...Ch. 22 - A chemical breathalyzer test works because ethanol...Ch. 22 - Estradiol is a female hormone with the following...Ch. 22 - Prob. 173IPCh. 22 - Prob. 174IPCh. 22 - Prob. 175MPCh. 22 - Prob. 176MP
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Chemistry
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
  • Text book image
    Chemistry
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781305957404
    Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Text book image
    Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781305079243
    Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Text book image
    Chemistry
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781133611097
    Author:Steven S. Zumdahl
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
  • Text book image
    Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781337399074
    Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Text book image
    Chemistry: The Molecular Science
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781285199047
    Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Text book image
    World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
    Chemistry
    ISBN:9781133109655
    Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
    Publisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133611097
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133109655
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Lesson 2; Author: Linda Hanson;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AL_CM_Btef4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Chapter 4 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Lesson 1; Author: Linda Hanson;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPIa6EHJMJw;License: Standard Youtube License