(a) Interpretation: The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written. Concept introduction: The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length. The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Question

5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

Show work. don't give Ai generated solution. How many carbons and hydrogens are in the structure?

13. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B 2°C. +2°C. cleavage Bond A •CH3 + 26.← Cleavage 2°C. + Bond C +3°C• CH3 2C Cleavage E 2°C. 26. weakest bond Intact molecule Strongest 3°C 20. Gund Largest argest a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. C Weakest bond A Produces Most Bond Strongest Bond Strongest Gund produces least stable radicals Weakest Stable radical b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. 13°C. formed in bound C cleavage ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. • CH3 methyl radical Formed in Gund A Cleavage c.…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.8TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The name and structural formula of the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone is to be written.

Concept introduction:

The hydrogen atom from the carbon chain can be replaced by atoms/group of atoms called a functional group. The presence of functional group gives characteristics properties to the compound. The chemical properties of the compounds containing the similar functional group are same based on the carbon chain length.

The structural formula is a simplest model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To write the structural diagrams show the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

Concept introduction:

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining valency of the carbon atom can be satisfied by an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structural diagrams for all possible aldehyde or ketone isomers of C5H10O are to be written. The aldehydes and ketones in the isomers are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in structural arrangement. The connectivity of atoms is different in isomers.

The structural diagram is a simplified model that represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Both aldehyde and ketone are carbonyl compounds. In the carbonyl functional group, the carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom. In aldehyde, the remaining valencies of the carbon are filled by an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom while in ketone, the remaining valencies of the carbon are satisfied alkyl groups.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 21 - Prob. 1E Ch. 21 - Prob. 2E Ch. 21 - Prob. 3E Ch. 21 - Prob. 4E Ch. 21 - Prob. 5E Ch. 21 - Prob. 6E Ch. 21 - Prob. 7E Ch. 21 - Prob. 8E Ch. 21 - Prob. 9E Ch. 21 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains that carbonyl group is the functional group that identifies an aldehyde or ketone.

Chapter 21 Solutions