Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 20.13PS
Levels of Control. If sea urchin zygotes are exposed to actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, during the early stages of embryonic development, protein synthesis and development continue until the embryos form a hollow ball of cells, or blastula, with hundreds of cells. However, if the same inhibitor is added later during embryonic development, protein synthesis is severely depressed, and normal embryonic development halts. How might you explain these observations?
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The figure shows the number of cells that have clusters of IRE1 molecules after those cells are treated with various levels of thapsigargin (Tg), a chemical that can induce ER stress. IRE1 can form these clusters when ER stress is induced and this clustering can cause activation of RNAse activity in IRE1. In this experiment, normal IRE1 was used (IRE1α) that can bind to Sec61, along with a modified version of IRE1 that binds to Sec61 more weakly than normal IRE1 (wIRE1α), and another modified version that binds to Sec61 more strongly than normal IRE1 (sIRE1α). From this figure you can conclude that:
Question 18 options:
IRE1 binding to Sec61 promotes the formation of IRE1 clumps
IRE1 binding to Sec61 prevents the formation of IRE1 clumps
co-translational translocation is a key process
the golgi aparatus is heavily involved in the unfolded protein response
The…
Inducers and Inhibitors of AEP.
Short peptides such as legumain stabilization and activity modulation (LSAM) domain and αvβ3 integrin could enhance the activity of AEP. LSAM domain known as the prodomain of AEP blocks substrate binding before activation. This prodomain has a helical structure and two independent peptides. One is an activation peptide (AP, K287 to N323), and the other is a LSAM domain. LSAM domain remains even after AP is cleaved and released from protease at neutral pH via electrostatic interaction. AEP without LSAM domain has a lower melting temperature than AEP with LSAM domain [77, 117]. Another short peptide, αvβ3 integrin, can directly interact with AEP, and after forming a complex, the optimal pH for AEP activity is increased from 5.5 to 6.0. It indicates that αvβ3 binding could induce conformational stabilization of AEP accompanied by deprotonated C189. αvβ3 does not directly interact with the AEP active site; however, AEP docks to the αvβ3 RGD-binding site…
TPA protein function. Use at least two sentences to describe the function of the TPA protein.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 20 - Suppose you are analyzing a haploid E. coli strain...Ch. 20 - How do epigenetic changes, such as DNA...Ch. 20 - Compare the basic state of a gene in bacteria...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1QCh. 20 - Prob. 20.4CCCh. 20 - Prob. 20.1PSCh. 20 - The Pickled Prokaryote. Pickelensia hypothetica is...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.3PSCh. 20 - Attenuation in 25 or Fewer Words. Complete each of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.5PS
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- ILLUSTRATIONS. For each of the given proteins: Draw the final location of the following proteins after being translocated. Label the organelle (as well as the organelle parts/compartments) and the cytosol (if necessary) in order to clearly depict the protein's location and orientation. Label the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein. • Below your drawing, indicate: a. the receptor/s b. the energy source c. if there is signal peptide cleavage or none A. Mitochondrion H₂N- MTS ITS* *Internal targeting sequence that has no cleavage site -COOHarrow_forwardExplain well. Thank you advance. Asaparrow_forwardSIGNALS AND TARGETS. Listed below are sample polypeptides/proteins with their signal molecule/peptide. Answer the questions that follow. If you are asked to give the amino acid sequence, provide the sequence using the three-letter names of the amino acids (eg. ser-ala-met). Polymerase with H2N-...GMMTVPPKKKRVGMMTV...-COOH Provide the amino acid sequence of the signal peptide Where will this polypeptide be transported? What is the receptor of the signal sequence? What is the transport complex for this protein?arrow_forward
- ILLUSTRATIONS. For each of the given proteins: Draw the final location of the following proteins after being translocated. • Label the organelle (as well as the organelle parts/compartments) and the cytosol (if necessary) in order to clearly depict the protein's location and orientation. • Label the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein. Below your drawing, indicate: a. the receptor/s b. the energy source c. if there is signal peptide cleavage or none A. Peroxisome: Class I PMP H₂N- ITS* *Internal targeting sequence -COOHarrow_forwardSignal transduction pathway. Sketch a G protein in the active and inactive stages, and label its parts.arrow_forwardSIGNALS AND TARGETS. Listed below are sample polypeptides/proteins with their signal molecule/peptide. Answer the questions that follow. If you are asked to give the amino acid sequence, provide the sequence using the three-letter names of the amino acids (eg. ser-ala-met). Catalase with H2N-...KERINGKERIANGEKSAMSKL-COOH What is the name of the specific receptor of this polypeptide? The receptor may also have what alternative function?arrow_forward
- SIGNALS AND TARGETS. Listed below are sample polypeptides/proteins with their signal molecule/peptide. Answer the questions that follow. If you are asked to give the amino acid sequence, provide the sequence using the three-letter names of the amino acids (eg. ser-ala-met). Protease with mannose-6-phosphate Where is the receptor for this protein located? Where is the final destination of this polypeptide? What happens to the receptor after protein transport?arrow_forwardSIGNALS AND TARGETS. Listed below are sample polypeptides/proteins with their signal molecule/peptide. Answer the questions that follow. If you are asked to give the amino acid sequence, provide the sequence using the three-letter names of the amino acids (eg. ser-ala-met). Catalase with H2N-...KERINGKERIANGEKSAMSKL-COOH Provide the amino acid sequence of the signal peptide Where will this polypeptide be transported? (specify the compartment) What is the name of the specific receptor of this polypeptide? The receptor may also have what alternative function?arrow_forwardIDENTIFICATION. One of the B-complex vitamins which is the precursor of Nicotinamide in the coenzyme NAD+. Carrier of the activated amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into the growing peptide chain. Molecule that attaches to myosin and actin during muscle contraction.arrow_forward
- Please help me with this question. PLEase give me the right answer and for number 2 WRITE AT LEAST A PARAGRAPGH and dont copy from internet.arrow_forwardNo plagiarism please. Use your own words. Thanks. Discuss the preferred locations of different classes of amino acids in transmembrane proteins. Explain the formation of thioether-linked prenyl anchor proteins. Explain the structure of caveolae.arrow_forwardPlease help and make it short. Also, please don't use advanced words when explaining, thanks! Explain how the mRNA vaccine work and relate to protein synthesis (Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are both using this technology).arrow_forward
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