Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 19, Problem 2AC
Applying the Concepts
2. During major floods, only the topmost branches of submerged trees may be visible above the. water. If you were asked to sketch the branches below the surface of the water solely on the basis of the positions of the exposed tips, you would be attempting a reconstruction somewhat similar to the “family tree” by which systematists link various organisms according to their common ancestors (analogous to branching points). What sources of error do both exercises share? What advantages do modern systematists have?
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Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree
Now, you are going to create and the interpret your own phylogenetic tree. Take a look at the characteristics for these organisms.
Plant Group
Photosynthesis?
Seeds?
Water-conducting Tissue?
Flowers?
Ferns
X
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Angiosperms
X
Using the characteristics from the table above, determine where each of these organisms belongs on the tree below, then answer the questions.
D
A
В
Being able to do photosynthesis is an example of a:
O shared derived character
O shared ancestral character
Part 2: Interpreting your phylogeny
Use your phylogeny to answer the following questions in the spaces provided
1.
Does any character exhibit evolutionary convergence (i.e., homoplasy) on this
tree? If so, which one(s)?
Is live birth a derived or an ancestral feature?
2.
3.
If species A, B, and C were placed into their own genus based on the presence of
green eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
If species D, E, F, and G were placed into their own genus based on the presence
of red eyes, would this group be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
If species F and G had green eyes, and you knew nothing about the ancestor of
the group, would green eyes be more likely to be a derived trait or an ancestral
trait?
4.
5.
Is any character trait on the tree an autapomorphy, meaning that it is derived but
not shared with any other taxa? If so, which one(s)? If not, write 'none.'
6.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Fill out the blank with their Dichotomous key.2. In each numbered series you should read both choices, determine which choice best applies to the Phylum. Note that some Phyla are already given as guides.3. Proceed where the key tells you to go, often skipping other steps (numbers) in between that do not apply.
Dichotomous key for the Major Invertebrate Phyla
1. Radial symmetry or asymmetry…………………………………………….……………………………………….… Proceed to Number 2 Bilateral symmetry………………………………………….……………………………………………………………..… Proceed to Number 4
2. Highly porous surface, not true tissues……………………………………Phylum ________________ Surface is not highly porous, true tissues present………………………………………………………..….. Proceed to Number 3
3. Exhibits pentaramous symmetry and tube feet……………………….Phylum _______________
Lacks pentamerous symmetry and tube feet, possesses tentacles (with nematocysts)…………………………………………………………………………Phylum ________________
4. Macroscopic colony of sessile, microscopic…
Chapter 19 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 19.1 - Analysis of human chromosome 2 revealed that it...Ch. 19.1 - Origin of a Killer Analysis of nucleotide...Ch. 19.1 - explain why scientific names are necessary?Ch. 19.1 - describe the type of similarities that...Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 19.2 - explain how scientists discovered that prokaryotes...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 19.3 - Prob. 1CYL
Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1CTCh. 19 - Prob. 1MCCh. 19 - To be informative for reconstructing the phylogeny...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3MCCh. 19 - In modern systematics, classifications are...Ch. 19 - Which of the following includes all the domains...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 19 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 19 - In Linnaean classification, the eight major...Ch. 19 - Systematists determine the evolutionary...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 19 - The number of named species is about ________, but...Ch. 19 - What contributions did Linnaeus and Darwin make to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2RQCh. 19 - What techniques might you use to determine whether...Ch. 19 - Only a small fraction of the total number of...Ch. 19 - In England, daddy longlegs refers to a long-legged...Ch. 19 - Why are species designations of asexually...Ch. 19 - Applying the Concepts The pressures created by...Ch. 19 - Applying the Concepts 2. During major floods, only...Ch. 19 - Consider the following list of groups: (1)...
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- Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree Now, you are going to create and the interpret your own phylogenetic tree. Take a look at the characteristics for these organisms. Seeds? Plant Group Photosynthesis? Water-conducting Tissue? Flowers? Ferns X Gymnosperms Mosses X Angiosperms X Using the characteristics from the table above, determine where each of these organisms belongs on the tree below, then answer the questions. D В Which plant group belongs at position "B"? mosses gymnosperms angiosperms fernsarrow_forwardEvolutionary Group(s) Refer to figure 2 on page 2 of the lab. What color(s) is/are this organism? Does it contain chlorphyll? Is there a "photosymbiont" present (refer to the lichens of Wisconsin guide) Describe the structure and composition of this organism - does it have leaves, roots, thallus, rhizine, mycelia, fruiting bodies (etc.) How else might you distinguish this organism from another organism in this table Lichen Fungi Slime Mold Plantsarrow_forwardSTANDARDIZED PHYLOGENETICS BIODIVERSITY EVOLUTION EVIDENCES BIOLÓGISTS KINGDOM TAXONOMY TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION PHYLOGENETIC TREE is in charge of A branch of biology called (2). system. A (4) who are experts in taxonomy, helps scientists The variety of life in the world is known as (1) classifying species and giving names via (3). understand and organize the diversity of life in our planet. Basically, it means groups are classified within larger groups. The hierarchical (5) of hierarchy is called the taxonomic level wherein the (6) different because it tells the history of the (7) (8) on. Scientist must collect accurate information using (9) using a (10) which looks like a sequentially branching tree, starting with one common branch, and then splitting into more branches helps scientists understand and organize the diversity of life in our planet .Each level is the highest and specie the lowest. Phylogeny is of a species or group of organisms. A field of science called works on the…arrow_forward
- Tree Thinking Review Draw a bracketed phylogenetic tree of the following groups on the next blank page: • Peat Moss • Capybara • Ostrich Fern • Blobfish • White Pine Tree • Protists • Escheria coli • Mexico Whiptail Lizard • Sunflower Sea Star • Bold Jumping Spider • T. Rex • Flatworm • Apple Tree • Archaea • Chanterelle Mushroom Grasshopper Sparrow After you draw your tree, label where the following traits would have evolved. Consider that traits may have evolved more than one time. • Chloroplasts • Seeds • Endosperm • Flowers • Vascular Tissue • Mitochondria Segmentation • Central Nervous System • Notochord • Vertebrae • Nucleus • Membrane Bound Organelles • Peptidoglycans • Cranium Fur • Lactation • Feathers Jaws • Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cordarrow_forwardOn a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? sister taxa basal taxa rooted taxa dichotomous taxaarrow_forwardEvaluate and Synthesize 16. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you position the rhyniophytes on Figure 27-13? Would the line for rhyniophytes extend to the tips of the rest of the cladogram? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- for the cactus (eukarotic) and the e coli bacteria (prokarotic) i want you to: Classify them based on modern taxonomy, and write their scientific name in three different ways based on Linnaeus. Describe their dichotomous key and show how far they are in their taxonomyfrom each other and describe how they interact together in the ecosystem basedon what you studied. what is thier location on the phylogenetic tree as well as the clade for botharrow_forwardMake a results and discussions of this topic TOPIC: MORPHOLOGY OF ALGAE instructions: The main topic is morphology of algae. Under that topic these are the informations (introduction, objective, methodology, algae species (cyanobacteria, xanthophyta, bacillariophyta, phaeopyta, rhodophyta.) I just basically need a results and discussions of it OVERALL. that could include major takeaways, learnings, discussions. anything as long as RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. please read the instructions. i do not need explanation of evey single thing in the parenthesis. I just need RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.arrow_forwardMake a results and discussions of this topic TOPIC: MORPHOLOGY OF ALGAE instructions: The main topic is morphology of algae. Under that topic these are the informations (introduction, objective, methodology, algae species (cyanobacteria, xanthophyta, bacillariophyta, phaeopyta, rhodophyta.) I just basically need a results and discussions of it OVERALL. that could include major takeaways, learnings, discussions. anything as long as RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.arrow_forward
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