Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780073511191
Author: Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 18.5, Problem 18.12P
(a) In what way(s) is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA similar to the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol? (b) In what way(s) are the two processes different?
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Fatty acids cannot be converted into carbohydrates in the body as the
following reaction is not possible.
(A) Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose
(B) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
O(C)
Transformation of acetyl CoA to pyruvate
(D) Formation of acetyl CoA from fatty acids
4. Identify each of the following as reduction or oxidation (briefly explain your reasoning):
(a) NADH – NAD+ + H* + 2e-
(b) FAD + 2H* + 2e- → FADH,
5. How does each of the following regulate the citric acid cycle?
(a) High levels of ATP
(b) Low levels of NADH
Glucose 6-phosphate is in a pivotal position in metabolism. Depending on conditions, glucose 6-phosphate follows one of several pathways. Under what conditions do the following occur?(a) Glycolysis(b) Hydrolysis to free glucose(c) Pentose phosphate pathway(d) Glycogenesis
Chapter 18 Solutions
Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.3PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.4PCh. 18.3 - Prob. 18.5PCh. 18.3 - What makes riboflavin a water-soluble vitamin?Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 18.7PCh. 18.4 - Identify the type of carbonyl groups present in...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.9PCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.10P
Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 18.11PCh. 18.5 - (a) In what way(s) is the conversion of pyruvate...Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 18.15PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.31UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.32UKCCh. 18 - When a substrate is oxidized, is NAD+ oxidized or...Ch. 18 - When a substrate is reduced, is FADH2 oxidized or...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.35UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.36UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.39UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.40UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.41UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.42UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.45APCh. 18 - What is the difference between metabolism and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.47APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.48APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.49APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.50APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.51APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.52APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53APCh. 18 - Classify each substance as an oxidizing agent, a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.55APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.56APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.58APCh. 18 - What is the role of each of the following in the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.71APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.72AP
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- When pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate, which hydrogen in lactate comes from NADH?arrow_forward. Each gram of mammalian skeletal muscle consumes ATP at a rate of about 1x 10-3 mol/min during contraction. Concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate in muscle are about 4 mM and 25 mM, respectively, and the density of muscle tissue can be taken to be about 1.2 g/cm'. (a) How long could contraction continue using ATP alone? (b) If all creatine phosphate were converted into ATP and utilized as well, how long could contraction continue? (c) What do these answers tell you?arrow_forwardWhat is the ΔG°’ for the complete oxidation of the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle?arrow_forward
- Describe the metabolic conversion of pyruvate to glucose during gluconeogenesis? can you explain in words please not diagrams as I have one don't understand itarrow_forwardWhat factors influence the metabolic rate of citrate in the mitochondria? What is the fate of cytosolic pyruvate when it is reduced by cytosolic NADH? Could leptin be used to treat obesity?arrow_forwardGlucagon secretion increases (A) After a carbohydrate-rich meal (B) After a fat-rich meal (C) When blood glucose is high (D) When blood glucose is lowarrow_forward
- (a) Which intermediate(s) in the citric acid cycle contain one chirality center? (b) Which intermediate(s) contain a 3 °alcohol?arrow_forwardIn the pathways of cell metabolism, 1) glycolysis does NOT occur in the mitochondria, AND 2) the proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation occurs through an ACTIVE transport process. True Falsearrow_forward(a) Convert the ball-and-stick model of A, one of the eight synthetic intermediates in the citric acid cycle, to a structural formula, and name the compound. (b) What is the immediate precursor of A in the citric acid cycle; that is, what compound forms A as a reaction product? (c) What compound is formed from A in the citric acid cycle?arrow_forward
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an endergonic reaction, but the flow through this point in glycolysis proceeds smoothly. How is the unfavorable equilibrium constant overcome?arrow_forwardHow many moles of glucose are required if all of the glucose first proceeds through the pentose phosphate pathway before proceeding through the rest of glycolysis on its way to pyruvate?arrow_forwardHow many molecules of ATP are obtained from the complete (including the fourth stage of catabolism) metabolism of one molecule of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acyl-CoA?arrow_forward
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