Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18.2, Problem 1CR
Ribosomal RNA gene sequences do not yield as reliable a phylogenetic tree of the Eukarya as do other genes and proteins. The modern, multigene tree of eukaryotes shows a major radiation of eukaryotic diversity emerging at some time following symbiotic events that led to the mitochondrion.
Q What are the six major supergroups within the Eukarya?
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make a drawing of a phylogenetic tree that contains all 3 domains of life. The tree should include at least
three different animals, two plants, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria,
chemoheterotrophic archaea, thermophilic archaea and fungi. Identify both primary endosymbiosis events
on the tree and draw a line to connect it to the organism that would become the future organelle.
in 1967, Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiotic theory. As seen in the diagram below, the
endosymbiotic theory describes how over thousands of years, free-living prokaryotes
formed living communities inside larger ancestral prokaryotic cells. Today, we identify those
early free-living prokaryotes as the mitochondria, chioroplasts, and possibly other organelles.
Endesymbietic Theery
How did the development of Margulis' theory aid in our understanding of how complex
organisms came into existence?
A. It provided an explanation as to why prokaryotic cells do not have a nucdeus.
B. It provides an explanation as to why bacteria and mitochondria are similar in size.
C. It provides an explanation of how life today could have originated from a single cell.
D. It provides an explanation of how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use oxygen to work.
a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes
Brown algae
Diatoms
Most photosynthetic
dinoflagellates
Cryptophyte algae
Red algae
Red algae
Green algae
Euglenids
Green algae
Chlorarachniophyte algae
Green algae
Green algae
Green algae
Green algae
Land plants
Glaucocystophytes
Cyanobacteria
b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes
Opisthokonts
Amoebozoans
Glaucocystophytes
Red algae
Green algae
(including land plants)
Cryptophyte algae
140000
Diatoms
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Chlorarachniophyte
algae
Chloroplast genes relate brown
algae, diatoms, most dinoflagellates,
and cryptophyte algae to red algae,
which is different from the
relationships based on nuclear
genes shown in part b.
-Excavates
Chloroplast genes relate euglenids
and chlorarachniophyte algae to
green algae, which is different from
the relationships based on nuclear
genes shown in part b.
Chloroplasts form a monophyletic
group nested within cyanobacteria,
providing strong evidence for the…
Chapter 18 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.1 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.2 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.2 - Ribosomal RNA gene sequences do not yield as...Ch. 18.3 - Contrast the two nutritional options for Euglena.Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2MQ
Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.4 - What are apicoplasts, which organisms have them,...Ch. 18.4 - Three groups make up the alveolates: ciliates,...Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.6 - How are chlorarachniophytes thought to have...Ch. 18.6 - The Rhizaria include diverse protists such as the...Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.7 - Compare and contrast the lifestyles of gymnamoebas...Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.8 - What are conidia? How does a conidium differ from...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.9 - Why is the mold Penicillium economically...Ch. 18.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 18.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.13 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.14 - What traits link cyanobacteria and red algae?Ch. 18.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 18.14 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18.15 - What phototrophic properties link green algae and...Ch. 18.15 - What is unusual about the green algae...Ch. 18.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 18.15 - Green algae are common in aquatic environments and...Ch. 18 - Explain why the process of endosymbiosis can be...Ch. 18 - Summarize the evidence for endosymbiosis. How...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3AQ
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- Evolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotesarrow_forwardBased on the accompanying evolutionary tree, which prokaryotic domain gave rise to the domain Eukarya? Which kingdom in domain Eukarya gave rise to plants, animals, and fungi?arrow_forwardThe TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?arrow_forward
- Redraw the phylogeny of eukaryotes, expanded to show different members (e.g. dinoflagellates, diatoms) of the supergroups as necessary and indicate the location of the primary endosymbioses for mitochondria and chlorophyll on the phylogeny. Indicate the location of three secondary endosymbioses leading to chloroplasts and one location showing the loss of mitochondria on the same phylogeny.arrow_forwardnto what kingdom would each of the following be classified: unicellular prokaryotes that live indust unicellular eukaryotes that live in pond water_ multicellular eukaryotes that live all over the planet and consume/eat food unicellular prokaryotes that live in volcanic ash and other inhospitable environments multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and are heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and are autotrophicarrow_forwardThis chapter shows a phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life, which is based on DNA sequence data for rRNA and other genes. Which of the following answers concerning the phylogenetic relationships found within this tree is incorrect? View Available Hint(s)for Part A Euryarcheotes are found in the Archaea Diatoms, Tubulinids, and Euglenozoans belong to the domain Eukarya Forams, Fungi, and Chlamydias belong to the domain Eukarya. Spirochetes belong to the domain Bacteria Ciliates, Red Algae, and Plants belong to the domain Eukarya.arrow_forward
- Why has the concept of the 6 supergroups within Domain Eukarya been proposed?arrow_forwardDraw a simpler version of the phylogenetic tree that just depicts the four supergroups of eukaryotes after viewing the image. Now imagine and sketch the tree as if the unikonts were the first eukaryotes to diverge from the rest of the eukaryotes.arrow_forwardDraw a simpler version of the phylogenetic tree that just depicts the four supergroups of eukaryotes after viewing the image. Now imagine the tree as if the unikonts were the first eukaryotes to diverge from the rest of the eukaryotes.arrow_forward
- Just as all life shares a last universal common ancestor, all eukaryotes share a last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). In considering what LECA was like, scientists look for features and processes common to all or nearly all eukaryotic groups. They assume that these structures emerged before the groups diverged and thus were present in LECA. Make a list of the features and processes that you think might have been passed down from LECA to modern eukaryotes.arrow_forward1) Name and give a brief account of the theory that explains the evolution of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells. 2) Explain the reactions that occur to form polysaccharides, using starch as an example. 3) What do enzymes do? What are their main structural features? Give an example of a biological enzyme. 4) Describe the structure of fats and lipids. Why are some solid at room temperature whereas others, particularly from plants, are liquid? Briefly describe the structure of an animal cell. What are the main differences between animal and plant cells? Briefly outline the steps involved in the synthesis of ATP in eukaryotic cellsarrow_forwardThe theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was first proposed by the biologist Lynn Which of the following statements provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis? 1. All the genes found in chloroplasts are homologous to genes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell. 2. Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes. 3. Proteins need a targeting sequence to be imported into a chloroplast. 4. Mitochondria can generate a proton gradient and harness it to synthesize ATP. O A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.arrow_forward
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