LooseLeaf for Human Anatomy
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259285271
Author: Michael McKinley Dr., Valerie O'Loughlin, Elizabeth Pennefather-O'Brien
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 4CR
Explain how adrenal medulla stimulation potentiates (prolongs) the effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Using the adrenal medulla as an example, describe how the autonomic system achieves tonic control.
Describe the effect of sympathetic innervation on each effector organ, especially the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia.
Epinephrine binds to both β-adrenergic and α-adrenergic receptors. Describe the opposite actions on the effector protein, adenylyl cyclase, elicited by the binding of epinephrine to these two types of receptors. Describe the effect of adding an agonist or antagonist to a β-adrenergic receptor on the activity of adenylyl cyclase.
Chapter 18 Solutions
LooseLeaf for Human Anatomy
Ch. 18 - How are motor neurons organizationally different...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 3WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 4WYLCh. 18 - What are the differences between the terminal and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 7WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 8WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 9WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 10WYL
Ch. 18 - Prob. 11WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 12WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 13WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 14WYLCh. 18 - Prob. 15WYLCh. 18 - Match each numbered item with the most closely...Ch. 18 - A splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of...Ch. 18 - Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3MCCh. 18 - Prob. 4MCCh. 18 - Prob. 5MCCh. 18 - Prob. 6MCCh. 18 - Prob. 7MCCh. 18 - Prob. 8MCCh. 18 - Prob. 9MCCh. 18 - All of the following cranial nerves carry...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1CRCh. 18 - Prob. 2CRCh. 18 - Compare and contrast the postganglionic axons of...Ch. 18 - Explain how adrenal medulla stimulation...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5CRCh. 18 - Are the cell bodies of sympathetic and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 7CRCh. 18 - Prob. 8CRCh. 18 - Prob. 9CRCh. 18 - Describe the embryonic components that form ANS...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1DCRCh. 18 - Prob. 2DCR
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- Most tissues regulated by the autonomic nervous system receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input from postganglionic neurons. Responses are typically local. In contrast, the adrenal medulla receives input only from the sympathetic division and only from preganglionic neurons, yet responses are observed throughout the body. Explain why.arrow_forwardFrom what structure are epinephrine and norepinephrinereleased following sympathetic stimulation?arrow_forwardList and describe the major effects of parasympathetic stimulation. Explain why sympathetic effectstend to be systemic and long lasting, while parasympathetic effects are local and short lived.arrow_forward
- Flaccid paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to contract), induced by the neurotoxin tubocurarine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channelsarrow_forwardGive two mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert their effects.arrow_forwardDescribe the effect of parasympathetic innervation on each visceral organ innervated by the division of the ANS, especially the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia.arrow_forward
- If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their effects. Explain the difference.arrow_forwardDiscuss the relationship of the adrenal glands in the sympathetic nervous systemarrow_forwardDraw a graph of the autonomic system and identify the neurotransmitters and receptors such as dopamine,norephinephrine and etc. and where it binds to alpha and beta. please explain as well.arrow_forward
- Describe the sympathetic vasomotor tone: its origin, the neurotransmitter and receptor responsible for the effect. What is the physiological significance of the sympathetic tone?arrow_forwardDescribe the basic pathways of sympathetic innervation from the spinal cord to the effector organs in the body periphery, the head, and the visceral organs.arrow_forwardDescribe the intracellular response to activation of α and β adrenergic receptorsarrow_forward
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